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Table 2. Damage potential of hazards and threats.
Damage Potential
Structural Integrity
Hazard or Threat
Extended Loss of
Utility Disruption
Extended Public
Contamination
Health Issue
Fire/Smoke
Asset Use
Flooding
Loss
Hazard
Fire (Unintentional)
Structural Integrity Loss by Natural Causes
Introduction of Hazardous Materials
Threat
Introduction of Small, Medium-Sized, or Large IEDs
Introduction of C/B/R Agents
Cyber Attack
Maritime Incident
Fire (Arson)
Sabotage of MEC Systems
C/B/R = chemical/biological/radiological.
IEDs = improvised explosive devices.
MEC = mechanical, electrical, and communications.
· Extended loss of asset use: loss of the ability to safely to ascertain the applicability of the table to his or her own
move passengers or allow vehicular traffic for more than situation.
25 hours. The following sections present hazard and threat scenarios,
· Extended public health issue: actual or potential ability to respectively, in relation to assets. Note that some scenarios, such
cause illness in a significant portion of the population as fire, may be the result of an intentional act (i.e., a threat) or
sufficient to overwhelm the medical treatment capacity of an unintentional event or circumstance (i.e., a hazard).
the area.
2.3.1 Hazard Scenarios in Relation to Assets
2.3 Hazard and Threat Scenarios
Fire (Unintentional)
Hazard and threat scenarios are profiles that include the
hazard or threat, the mode of delivery, the path to the tar- Unintentional fire is more probable than intentional fire
get, the tactical delivery device, and the location of the tar- and has occurred in several tunnel systems. Fire may destroy
get. Table 3 provides basic hazard and threat scenarios. The any structure or vehicle and kill people if not controlled. A
assumptions made during the development of this table are tunnel structure may be completely ruined by a conflagra-
based on past terrorist acts and current available intelli- tion. Fire sources may be disparate and triggered by any com-
gence. The scenarios are intended to include categories bination of flammable material and ignition. Fire occurs in
applicable to highway, rail, and transit tunnel systems. nature and does not necessarily require human intervention
However, the needs, vulnerabilities, and points of access to spread. Fire, or the danger of fire as a smoke condition, will
differ from mode to mode, as well as from tunnel to tunnel immediately have a negative impact on all tunnel assets by
within a mode. The reader is encouraged to review the text inducing the evacuation of persons and equipment from
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Table 3. Hazard and threat scenarios.
Hazard or Mode of
Path to Target Tactical Delivery Device Location of Target
Threat Delivery
Explosive Container
Very Large IED Ship Waterway Top of Tunnel
(Depth Charge)
Large IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Truck Liner
Large IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Truck Column or Wall
Surface Roadway
Large IED Vehicle Truck Roof Slab
over Tunnel
Large IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Truck Ventilation Building
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck Ventilation Building
C&C Center Above
Large IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Truck
Tunnel
Stand-Alone C&C
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck
Center
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck Stand-Alone Substation
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck Ventilation Shaft
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck Station
Large IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Truck Ventilation Structure
Rail or Transit Locomotive or Freight/
Large IED Trackway Liner
Vehicle Passenger Car
Rail or Transit Locomotive or Freight/
Large IED Trackway Column or Wall
Vehicle Passenger Car
Medium IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Car or Van Liner
Medium IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Car or Van Column or Wall
Medium IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Car or Van Ventilation Building
Medium IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Car or Van Ventilation Building
Car or Van C&C Center Above
Medium IED Vehicle Tunnel Roadway
Tunnel
Car or Van Stand-Alone C&C
Medium IED Vehicle Surface Access Road
Center
Medium IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Car or Van Stand-Alone Substation
Medium IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Car or Van Ventilation Shaft
Medium IED Vehicle Surface Access Road Car or Van Ventilation Structure
Motor Vehicle Surface Roadway
Medium IED Truck or Multiple Backpacks Roof Slab
or Foot over Tunnel
Medium IED Transit Vehicle Trackway Car or Engine Liner
Medium IED Transit Vehicle Trackway Car or Engine Column or Wall
Freight/Passenger Car,
Medium IED Rail Car or Foot Trackway Engine, or Multiple Liner
Backpacks
Freight/Passenger Car,
Medium IED Rail Car or Foot Trackway Engine, or Multiple Column or Wall
Backpacks
Small IED Foot Tunnel Roadway Backpack Liner
Small IED Foot Tunnel Roadway Backpack Column or Wall
Small IED Stations/Shops/
Foot Backpack Column or Wall
Tunnel Portals
Small IED Stations/Shops/
Foot Backpack Liner
Tunnel Portals
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Table 3. (Continued).
Hazard or Mode of Tactical Delivery
Path to Target Location of Target
Threat Delivery Device
Small IED Foot Tunnel Roadway Backpack Exposed Ductbank
Small IED Foot Surface Access Road Backpack Inside Ventilation Building
Small IED Foot Surface Access Road Backpack Inside C&C Center
Small IED Inside a Stand-Alone
Foot Surface Access Road Backpack
Substation
Small IED Exposed Ductbank or MEC
Foot Tunnel Trainway Backpack
Equipment
Small IED Foot Tunnel Trainway Transit Vehicle Station
Small IED Foot Surface Access Road Backpack Station
Small IED Foot Surface Access Road Backpack Inside Substation
Small IED Foot Surface Access Road Backpack Inside Ventilation Structure
Large Fire Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Tanker Liner
Large Fire Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Tanker Column/Wall/Roof Slab
Large Fire Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Tanker Portal
Any Tunnel Location
Large Fire Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Tanker
Adjacent to Critical Facility
Large Fire Rail/Transit Car Trackway IED on Train Liner
Large Fire Rail/Transit Car Trackway IED on Train Column/Wall/Roof Slab
Large Fire Rail/Transit Car Trackway IED on Train Portal
Any Tunnel Location
Large Fire Rail/Transit Car Trackway IED on Train
Adjacent to Critical Facility
Tunnel Air Supply Vial/Aerosol/Small Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Foot
System Package Surrounding Population
Surface Access Road Vial/Aerosol/Small Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Foot
to Tunnel Vent Intakes Package Surrounding Population
Tunnel Air Supply Vial/Aerosol/Small Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Vehicle
System Package Surrounding Population
Vial/Aerosol/Small Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Vehicle Tunnel Roadway
Package Surrounding Population
Surface Access Road Vial/Aerosol/Large Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Vehicle
to Tunnel Vent Intakes Package on Truck Surrounding Population
Surface Access Road Vial/Aerosol/Large Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Vehicle
to Tunnel Vent Intakes Package Surrounding Population
On Foot in Vial/Aerosol/Large Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Tunnel Roadway
Transit Car Package Surrounding Population
Vial/Aerosol/Large Tunnel Occupants and
C/B/R Transit Car Tunnel Trainway
Package on Train Surrounding Population
Hazardous
Vehicle Tunnel Roadway Truck Any Place in Tunnel
Materials
Hazardous
Transit Car Tunnel Trainway Device on Train Any Place in Tunnel
Materials
Cyber Attack Digital Virtual Virus Code C&C
Maritime Incident
Ship Water Above Tunnel Passing Ship Tunnel Shell
(Anchor Drag)
C&C = command & control.
IEDs = improvised explosive devices.
MEC = mechanical, electrical, and communications.
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within the structure and surrounding areas. Fire and smoke · Substations. Fire may damage or destroy the physical
will decrease visibility to unsafe levels, precipitate collision of structures containing utility equipment and connections.
vehicles and equipment, and cause personal injury. A fire con- A fire may also sever the power feed and monitoring sys-
trolled by firefighting may still result in smoke and water tems of a substation, thereby rendering the station unfit for
damage at a level sufficient to render a tunnel unfit for use or use. Equipment rendered unusable by the effects of a fire
occupancy. The related assets are the following: will need to be replaced prior to the operation of a tunnel
to maintain the ability to evacuate water and provide
· Tunnel structures. A fire may cause damage to the power. Substations may also be adversely impacted by fire-
integrity of a structure and its engineered support bracing. fighting techniques that may send soiled water and debris
The heat of a flame may distort all standard tunnel mate- into the plenums, thereby jamming lines and pump rotors.
rials sufficient to require closure for repair. The damaging · Utility building. Fire may damage the utility terminus
effects of a fire are consistent across bored, cut-and-cover, structures, rendering them unusable.
and immersed tube tunnel construction.
· Portals. Smoke and flame damage may threaten engineered
Structural Integrity Loss by Natural Causes
works to weaken a portal. Damage or destruction may also be
inflicted on monitoring equipment situated at the portal to a Despite the best efforts of engineering and maintenance,
tunnel such as over height detection units, heat sensors, car- the potential danger of structural integrity loss to tunnels and
bon monoxide detectors, and closed-circuit camera units. supporting infrastructure from unforeseen circumstances
· Vent shafts. Fire, heat, and water damage may affect air will always exist. There is no known method to guarantee that
intake and exhaust towers, machinery, and required air fil- a structure will never fail or deteriorate. Proper design, con-
tering equipment. The damage would require replacement. struction, and maintenance may drastically reduce the likeli-
· Stations (passenger tunnels only). A fire may damage or hood of a sudden failure. However, unseen geotechnical or
destroy wood, metal, and masonry structures that are nec- aquatic forces may go undetected by asset owners. Inconsis-
essary for normal human occupancy. Certificates of occu- tencies and lapses in the design, construction, and mainte-
pancy are routinely revoked when a fire causes damage to nance of a tunnel may collude to create the conditions for a
a structure. A small conflagration, with flame and smoke, sudden structural integrity loss.
may render a station unfit for occupancy and disallow its Structural integrity loss may be sudden or slow acting. The
use by persons, vehicles, and equipment; it will be unfit scope of this damage may be minimal, such as a crack in the
until environmental abatement is complete and repairs are wall requiring remediation or a pavement ripple requiring the
made to meet regulatory code. A station unfit for occu- temporary relocation of traffic. Integrity loss may also be cat-
pancy eliminates its primary function within the system, astrophic, resulting in total collapse or flooding of a structure,
which is the transfer of passengers to railcar. wreaking widespread loss of assets, and loss of life. The related
· Distribution channels. The destructive path of flame and assets are the following:
smoke may melt sheathing, iron piping, polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), and metal conduit, thereby damaging the contents · Tunnel structures. Loss of structural integrity threatens to
beyond repair. Pipes carrying water could serve as conduits collapse the bore, tube, or constructed below-grade area
for burning oil. Water used in firefighting efforts may have wholly or partially. A whole or partial collapse will force the
a destructive effect on power and communication lines. closure of the asset for an undetermined amount of time.
The loss of a utility in or near the tunnel structure will deny Minor integrity losses also drastically increase the oppor-
service to the surrounding areas, including any businesses, tunity for water inflow, thereby inducing a progressive loss
homes, or schools. Utilities may also facilitate the flow of of material strength. Loss of integrity directly affecting a
water and other materials along their pathways and in rail bed or track may unsettle the transit area of the tube.
entry and exit locations. Disturbances to only the transited area will slow road
· Control centers. Flame and smoke may destroy the physi- traffic until repair; these disturbances will likely halt rail
cal structure and all mechanical equipment of a control traffic because of the deflection of the rail.
center and endanger the lives of personnel assigned to that · Portals. Portal construction is subject to the same stresses
facility. Water damage to equipment and structure may as the tube areas. Whole or partial collapse will force a clo-
also occur in firefighting efforts. The loss of a control cen- sure of the transit areas and nearby access paths.
ter would severely affect the ability of a transportation sys- · Vent shafts. Loss of structural integrity may destroy air
tem to operate. The impact would be particularly severe on intake and exhaust plenums, shafts, and towers. A shift in
rail systems that rely on remote monitoring and sensors to the support of a vent shaft area can alter the load-bearing
control movement. capability to support heavy machinery necessary for air
