Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 4
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
This synthesis provides insight into the relationship between BUS TRANSIT AND LAND
bus transit planning and land development planning. A liter- DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
ature review was undertaken to determine the current state of
the practice and was conducted using a variety of sources. An A study of transit-supportive development by Robert Cervero
on-line search of TRIS was done that yielded many source (1993) focused on development experiences in the suburbs of
documents. Additional searches were conducted using other large metropolitan U.S. cities where bus transit service
on-line databases; these included the Mineta Transportation predominates. The study examined how recent market and
Institute, The Brookings Institution, and Northwestern Uni- regulatory factors have influenced transit-supportive design.
versity. Internet searches also found several state and local It found few significant examples of transit-supportive sub-
government websites that contain interesting and pertinent urban projects.
information.
The study effort also included a review of transit design
The literature review revealed that there are very few guidelines. The author surveyed 165 transit properties and
traditional research documents available on the specific found that 26 had guidelines in place and an additional
topic of coordinating bus transit planning and land devel- 12 agencies were in the process of developing guidelines. The
opment planning. There is a large body of research on report includes a short section on the preparation of guidelines
transit-oriented development (TOD), joint development, and provides a section on "Good Practices" in the develop-
urban villages, and new towns. This literature is primarily ment of guidelines. Cervero concluded that the guidelines are
focused on development at rail stations, with very little a useful promotional and marketing tool. The production of
written specifically for bus service. There are however guidelines positively raises awareness of transit-supportive
applications of this research that can be transferred to bus development and is helpful to local planning agencies in
transit and these applications are discussed in the report reviewing development proposals. However, transit officials
when appropriate. responding to Cervero's survey were unable to identify many
development projects that could be classified as transit-
In addition to a general search of the relationship between friendly in their design.
bus transit and land development planning, the literature
review also investigated two specific aspects of this synthe- Much has been written on the subject of TOD, joint devel-
sis effort: transit-supportive regulations and measures of suc- opment, new towns, and urban villages. There is excitement in
cess. However, there are few documents available on either many planning circles over the potential of these types of devel-
of these topics. Some literature is available on regulations to opment to improve the overall quality of life by helping to man-
reinforce transit-supportive development. For the most part, age congestion and improve air quality, among other benefits.
these regulations were written with rail transit in mind, The literature on these types of developments is overwhelm-
although in some cases the regulations can be applied to bus ingly associated with rail service. There are several reasons for
service. There is a minimal amount of information available this bias towards rail service. Rail service is perceived as being
on how to measure the success of various transit-supportive more "permanent" than bus service, because buses can gener-
actions. These two topics are discussed further later in this ally be easily rerouted. Rail is also perceived as having a higher
chapter and in the body of the report. level of service and therefore is more competitive with the
automobile. Lastly, rail service attracts and supports higher
The Bibliography at the end of this report and the refer- densities of development than typical bus service. As bus rapid
ences throughout this document include reports, books, and transit (BRT) systems increase in number, perhaps more exam-
articles that can be applied to bus service, although many ples of TOD for BRT will be documented. Until then, although
were written with rail service in mind. Also included in the existing literature does have some application to bus systems to
Bibliography are websites that provide useful and relevant identify good planning practices and regulatory solutions, there
information. The remainder of this chapter reviews the is very little literature directly relevant to bus-based TOD.
literature in three subject areas: Bus Transit and Land Devel-
opment Planning, Transit-Supportive Regulations, and Mea- A good example of TOD research in the literature is TCRP
surements of Success. Report 102: Transit-Oriented Development in the United
