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TRANSIT
TCRP
SYNTHESIS 67
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Sponsored by
the Federal
Transit Administration
Bus Transit Service in
Land Development
Planning
A Synthesis of Transit Practice
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TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
SELECTION COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
DAVID A. LEE
Connecticut Transit Chair: Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta
MEMBERS Vice Chair: Linda S. Watson, Executive Director, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation
ANN AUGUST Authority, Orlando
Santee Wateree Regional Transportation Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Authority
LINDA J. BOHLINGER MEMBERS
HNTB Corp.
ROBERT I. BROWNSTEIN MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT, Austin
PB Consult, Inc. ALLEN D. BIEHLER, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
PETER CANNITO JOHN D. BOWE, Regional President, APL Americas, Oakland, CA
Metropolitan Transportation Authority--Metro
North Railroad
LARRY L. BROWN, SR., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
GREGORY COOK DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Vice President, Customer Service, Norfolk Southern Corporation
Ann Arbor Transportation Authority and Subsidiaries, Atlanta, GA
NATHANIEL P. FORD ANNE P. CANBY, President, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, DC
San Francisco MUNI DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
RONALD L. FREELAND NICHOLAS J. GARBER, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University
Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. of Virginia, Charlottesville
FRED M. GILLIAM ANGELA GITTENS, Vice President, Airport Business Services, HNTB Corporation, Miami, FL
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Professor and Senior Associate Dean of Research and Technology,
KIM R. GREEN
GFI GENFARE School of Policy, Planning, and Development, and Director, METRANS National Center
JILL A. HOUGH for Metropolitan Transportation Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
North Dakota State University SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography,
JOHN INGLISH Clark University, Worcester, MA
Utah Transit Authority JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
JEANNE W. KRIEG GLORIA J. JEFF, General Manager, City of Los Angeles DOT, Los Angeles, CA
Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
CELIA G. KUPERSMITH HAROLD E. LINNENKOHL, Commissioner, Georgia DOT, Atlanta
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and
Transportation District SUE McNEIL, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
CLARENCE W. MARSELLA Delaware, Newark
Denver Regional Transportation District DEBRA L. MILLER, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
FAYE L. M. MOORE MICHAEL R. MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Governments, Arlington
Authority CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT, Concord
MICHAEL H. MULHERN JOHN R. NJORD, Executive Director, Utah DOT, Salt Lake City
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority PETE K. RAHN, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Retirement Fund
STEPHANIE L. PINSON SANDRA ROSENBLOOM, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. HENRY GERARD SCHWARTZ, JR., Senior Professor, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR. MICHAEL S. TOWNES, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
DMJM+Harris C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of
JEFFREY M. ROSENBERG Texas, Austin
Amalgamated Transit Union
MICHAEL SCANLON EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
San Mateo County Transit District
BEVERLY SCOTT THAD ALLEN (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Sacramento Regional Transit District THOMAS J. BARRETT (Vice Adm., U.S. Coast Guard, ret.), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
JAMES S. SIMPSON Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
FTA MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT
FRANK TOBEY JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
First Transit JOHN BOBO, Deputy Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
KATHRYN D. WATERS
Dallas Area Rapid Transit
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute,
FRANK WILSON Smyrna, GA
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn,
County and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
J. RICHARD CAPKA, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS SEAN T. CONNAUGHTON, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
WILLIAM W. MILLAR
APTA
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads,
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. Washington, DC
TRB JOHN H. HILL, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
JOHN C. HORSLEY JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
AASHTO Officials, Washington, DC
J. RICHARD CAPKA J. EDWARD JOHNSON, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics
FHWA and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
LOUIS SANDERS NICOLE R. NASON, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
APTA JEFFREY N. SHANE, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT
JAMES S. SIMPSON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY CARL A. STROCK (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
ROBERT J. REILLY
TRB U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of September 2006. *Membership as of September 2006.
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
TCRP SYNTHESIS 67
Bus Transit Service in
Land Development
Planning
A Synthesis of Transit Practice
CONSULTANT
MARY KAY CHRISTOPHER
MKC Associates
Berwyn, IL
S UBJECT A REAS
Public Transit
Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with
the Transit Development Corporation
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2006
www.TRB.org
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 67
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environ- Price $32.00
mental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit
Project J-7, Topic SH-08
systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of
ISSN 1073-4880
upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, ISBN 0-309-09773-8
and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec- Library of Congress Control Number 2006906644
essary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new
technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations © 2006 Transportation Research Board
into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Pro-
gram (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the
transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
meet demands placed on it. Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the
Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub- copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein.
lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce
Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes.
Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be
recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit
modeled after the longstanding and successful National Coopera- Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or
tive Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document
for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment
technical activities in response to the needs of transit service provid-
of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the
ers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research material, request permission from CRP.
fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, fa-
cilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and ad-
ministrative practices.
NOTICE
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992.
Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Coop-
authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi- erative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board
ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Coun-
cil. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the project
agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by
concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of
the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of the National Research Council.
Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this
(TRB); and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly com-
nonprofit educational and research organization established by petence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropri-
APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent govern- ate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are
ing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selec- those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they
tion (TOPS) Committee. have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not nec-
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodi- essarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the Transit Develop-
cally but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is ment Corporation, the National Research Council, or the Federal Transit
Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the re-
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical
search program by identifying the highest priority projects. As
panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Trans-
part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding portation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board
levels and expected products. of the National Research Council.
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, ap-
pointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests
for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance
The Transportation Research Board of The National Academies, the
and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for Transit Development Corporation, the National Research Council, and the
developing research problem statements and selecting research Federal Transit Administration (sponsor of the Transit Cooperative
agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative re- Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or
search programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products
fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on
disseminating TCRP results to the intended end users of the re- Published reports of the
search: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice,
and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. are available from:
APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and Transportation Research Board
other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban Business Office
and rural transit industry practitioners. 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can coop-
eratively address common operational problems. The TCRP results and can be ordered through the Internet at
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
support and complement other ongoing transit research and train-
ing programs. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences,
The National as a parallel
Academy organization
of Sciences of outstanding
is a private, nonprofit,engineers. It is autonomous
self-perpetuating society of in its administration
distinguished schol-
and in the selection
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the furtherance the responsibility
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and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in programs
aimed at meeting
1863, the Academy national needs, encourages
has a mandate education
that requires andthe
it to advise research,
federal and recognizes
government on the superior
scientific andachieve-
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cal matters. Dr.
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of the National AcademyAcademy of Engineering.
of Sciences.
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The National of Medicine was established
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in 1964, Academy
under of Sciences
the charter to secure
of the National the
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services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
to the
and in health of the public.
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of its members, acts
sharing under
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encourages and education. Dr. Harvey
and research, V. Fineberg
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ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The National
The Institute Research
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of Sciences toto associate
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and the National
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of the
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Medicine.
the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair,
The National
respectively, Research
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the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
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scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and by researchers and
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private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is is to promote
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excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research
results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board's varied activities annually engage more
www.national-academies.org
than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and
private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is
supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of
the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the
development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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TCRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT J-7 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM STAFF
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CHAIR CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Manager, TCRP
FRANK T. MARTIN EILEEN DELANEY, Director of Publications
PBS&J, Tallahassee, FL
TCRP SYNTHESIS STAFF
MEMBERS STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies
DEBRA W. ALEXANDER and Information Services
Capital Area Transportation Authority, Lansing, MI JON WILLIAMS, Manager, Synthesis Studies
DWIGHT FERRELL GAIL STABA, Senior Program Officer
The Ferrell Group, Richardson, TX DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer
MARK W. FURHMANN DON TIPPMAN, Editor
Metro Transit, Minneapolis, MN CHERYL Y. KEITH, Senior Secretary
ROBERT H. IRWIN
British Columbia Transit, Victoria, BC, Canada TOPIC PANEL
PAUL J. LARROUSSE EDWARD A. BEIMBORN, University of WisconsinMilwaukee
National Transit Institute, New Brunswick, NJ SANDRA L. BRECHER, Department of Public Works and
WADE LAWSON Transportation, Montgomery County, MD
South Jersey Transportation Authority, Atlantic City, NJ KIMBERLY FISHER, Transportation Research Board
DAVID A. LEE TODD HEMINGSON, VIA Metropolitan Transit
Connecticut Transit, Hartford, CT RONALD KILCOYNE, Greater Bridgeport Transit Authority
DAVID PHELPS FRED LENHART, California Department of Transportation
Consultant, Moneta, VA LEVERN MCELVEEN, Federal Transit Administration
HAYWARD M. SEYMORE, III HANNAH TWADDELL, Renaissance Planning Group
Laidlaw Transit Services, Inc., University Place, WA PAUL MARX, Federal Transit Administration (Liaison)
PAM WARD JODY MCCULLOUGH, Federal Highway Administration
Ottumwa Transit Authority, Ottumwa, IA (Liaison)
JOEL R. WASHINGTON RICHARD WEAVER, American Public Transportation
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, DC Association (Liaison)
FTA LIAISON
KAREN FACEN
Federal Highway Administration
TRB LIAISON
PETER SHAW
Transportation Research Board
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FOREWORD Transit administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which in-
By Staff formation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and
Transportation practice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a conse-
Research Board quence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to
bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be
overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solv-
ing or alleviating the problem.
There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the transit industry. Much
of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their
day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such use-
ful information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Co-
operative Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee author-
ized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study,
TCRP Project J-7, "Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Problems," searches out
and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise,
documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP re-
port series, Synthesis of Transit Practice.
This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format,
without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each re-
port in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those meas-
ures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems.
PREFACE This synthesis will be of interest to transit planners and managers and to those who work
with them to develop relationships with local governments and other stakeholders that im-
prove the integration of bus transit and land development. It documents the relationship be-
tween bus transit service and planning for new developments. This synthesis identifies suc-
cessful strategies that assist in the incorporation of bus transit service into land developments,
as well as the challenges that transit agencies face when attempting to do so. It also provides
the state of the practice regarding the use and components of transit agency development
guidelines.
A literature review is presented, along with a discussion of survey results from 32 tran-
sit agencies that shared their experiences with land development. Five case studies high-
light successful coordination efforts between bus transit planning and land development
planning.
Mary Kay Christopher, MKC Associates, Berwyn, Illinois, collected and synthesized the
information and wrote the report, under the guidance of a panel of experts in the subject
area. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This syn-
thesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable
within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As
progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now
at hand.
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CONTENTS
1 SUMMARY
3 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Project Background and Objectives, 3
Technical Approach to Project, 3
Report Organization, 3
4 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
Bus Transit and Land Development Planning, 4
Transit-Supportive Regulations, 5
Measurements of Success, 6
7 CHAPTER THREE SURVEY RESULTS
Section A. Transit Agency Characteristics, 7
Section B. Stakeholders and Communications, 7
Section C. Transit Agency Development Guidelines, 8
Section D. Transit-Supportive Strategies, 9
Section E. Experience in Integrating Bus Service in New Developments, 10
Section F. In Your Opinion . . . , 13
16 CHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES
Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, 16
Centre Area Transportation Authority, 18
Omnitrans, 21
Metro Transit, 22
GO Boulder, 24
27 CHAPTER FIVE CHALLENGES TO INTEGRATING BUS TRANSIT SERVICE
AND LAND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Institutional Barriers, 27
Resource and Financial Challenges, 27
Stakeholder Challenges, 28
29 CHAPTER SIX STRATEGIES THAT SUPPORT INTEGRATION OF BUS
TRANSIT SERVICE AND LAND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Institutional Policies and Practices, 29
Funding Strategies, 32
Regulatory Tools, 33
36 CHAPTER SEVEN USE AND APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES TO
INCORPORATE BUS TRANSIT SERVICE INTO
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Purpose and Use of Guidelines, 36
Distribution of Guidelines, 37
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Development Characteristics Included in Guidelines, 37
Specifications Included in Guidelines, 40
43 CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSIONS
46 REFERENCES
47 BIBLIOGRAPHY
49 APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
61 APPENDIX B AGENCIES RESPONDING TO SURVEY
62 APPENDIX C TRANSIT AGENCIES WITH GUIDELINES
