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NCHRP Synthesis 365: Preserving and Using Institutional Memory Through Knowledge Management Practices (2007)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis Program (NCHRPSYN)

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Ward, Maryanne, Transportation Research Board. "Who Exercises Strongest Leadership over Knowledge Management Practices?." NCHRP Synthesis 365: Preserving and Using Institutional Memory Through Knowledge Management Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.

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Front Matter (R1-R10)
Summary (1-7)
Methodology and Organization of Report (8-8)
Definitions and Terminology (9-9)
Knowledge Management as Business Management Process (10-11)
Literature Survey Summary: Knowledge as an Asset (12-12)
Literature Survey Summary: Knowledge Management as Business Process (13-13)
Literature Survey Summary: Human Resource and Knowledge Management (14-14)
Literature Survey Summary: Success Factors Associated with Successful Knowledge Management Programs (15-15)
Literature Survey Summary: Specific Knowledge Management Practices (16-17)
Literature Survey Summary: Measuring Knowledge Management Effectiveness (18-18)
Synthesis of Practices Taken from Literature Survey on Leave-Taking (19-20)
Whom or Where Is Your State Transportation Institutional Memory Point of Contact? (21-22)
Who Exercises Strongest Leadership over Knowledge Management Practices? (23-23)
Are Authority, Leadership, and Day-to-Day Overall Responsibilities the Same for Both Physical and Electronic Resources? (24-25)
Does Your State Transportation Agency Have a Single Point of Contact by Which Individuals from Within or Without the Agency Can Obtain Published Information or Documents Such as Research Reports? (26-26)
Knowledge Managment Budgets (27-28)
Are Practices for Storing Knowledge Management Resources in Place? (29-30)
Where Are Captured Sources Stored? (31-31)
How Do Employees Identify and Find Knowledge Resources? (32-32)
Are Stored Knowledge Management Resources Readily Available for Use in Current Work and Decision Making? (33-33)
Is There an Established Practice for Destruction of Obsolete Knowledge Management Resources? (34-34)
Does Agency Have Knowledge Management Training and/or Mentoring Programs for Staff Transferred to New Jobs, New Hires, or those New to Leadership?What Initiatives Have Led to Successful Participation in Knowledge Management Practices? (35-36)
Virginia Department of Transportation (37-37)
Maryland State Highway Administration (38-38)
Texas Department of Transportation (39-39)
Interview with World Bank Knowledge Management Officer (40-40)
Knowledge Sharing at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (41-41)
Interview with National Aeronautics and Space Administration Knowledge Management Officer (42-43)
Chapter Eleven - Conclusions (44-47)
References (48-50)
Bibliography (51-51)
Appendix A - Survey Questionnaire (52-63)
Appendix B - Questionnaire Responders (64-65)
Appendix C - Detailed Results for Question 1 (66-67)
Appendix D - Detailed Results for Questions 2-4 (68-70)
Appendix E - Detailed Results for Question 5 (71-72)
Appendix F - Detailed Results for Questions 6-17 (73-82)
Appendix G - Detailed Results for Questions 20-33 (83-91)
Appendix H - Detailed Results for Questions 34-37 (92-94)
Appendix I - Annotated Literature Survey Regarding Challenges Owing to High Rate of Retirements and Leave-Taking (95-98)
Appendix J - Annotated Literature Survey: Standards and Guidance Documents Issued by International Standards-Developing OrganizationsRegarding Knowledge Management (99-100)
Appendix K - Annotated Literature Survey on Knowledge Management Practices (101-110)
Appendix L - Annotated Survey of Other Knowledge Management Resources (111-112)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (113-113)

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24 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS FOR QUESTIONS 6­12 REGARDING CULTURAL RECEPTIVITY, AUTHORITY, AND RESPONSIBILITIES CULTURAL RECEPTIVITY necessarily readily available or known. This reinforces the results shown in Figure 4. Overall, the receptivity can be char- Even a casual review of the literature regarding KM reveals that acterized as neutral to weak positive and, as evidenced by the the overall cultural receptivity to sharing knowledge is a key results for Question 7, management expectation for using insti- factor in managing knowledge processes. Question 6 asked the tutional memory is there; however, overall there is not a strong STAs to rank their organization's cultural receptivity based on enough emphasis to require implementing a formal KM pro- such factors as: gram to ensure that the business process is in place. · Is knowledge sharing more common than knowledge hoarding? WHO EXERCISES OVERALL AUTHORITY FOR · Are KM practices encouraged and supported by man- KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES? agement? · Does staff enter into KM activities willingly? Question 8 sought to determine who in the organization has · Are practices encouraged, including documenting work, authority over KM practices. The following list derived from sharing lessons learned in after-action sessions, partici- the responses of 18 STAs shows that in most cases overall pating in discussions about what went right or wrong, authority in not specifically designated. A few STAs reported saving project documentation for future reference, authority residing at the top executive levels. Also, the limited building effective information repositories, or accessing number of STAs responding to this question may indicate that information from external sources? the responder did not know and chose not to guess. Note that Table F3 in Appendix F gives complete comments. Table F1 in Appendix F gives the results for each STA. Figure 4 summarizes the results. · Motor Vehicle Division program management · Shared by library and agency-wide records management As Figure 4 shows, the combination of "largely negative" · No one/none assigned and "neutral" roughly balance that of "largely receptive" and · Director of design "highly receptive." One can conclude that while there is not · Executive director outright opposition, neither is there a strong push for better · Two division directors KM implementation. From this, it is inferred that management · KM practices are accomplished by each office area attention can probably be characterized as "passively posi- · Director and division heads tive." In other words, there does not appear to be aggressive or · No individual or unit--everyone assertive leadership from the executive level, but neither is · Director, senior staff, plus shared responsibility of district there pervasive or persistent negativity. deputy directors · This is a sometimes in our organization, depending on MANAGEMENT EXPECTATION THAT the project and culture of the unit EMPLOYEES CONSULT PRIOR · Does not reside with any one person or even just one ORGANIZATIONAL EXPERIENCE AS office, maybe the General Services Division EVIDENCED IN DOCUMENTS, DATABASES, · Senior leaders KNOWLEDGEABLE PEOPLE, · KM officer. AND OTHER RESOURCES Question 7 went beyond cultural receptivity to probe manage- WHO EXERCISES STRONGEST LEADERSHIP ment attitudes regarding application of institutional memory to OVER KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES? current work. It is interesting that of the 19 STAs responding to this question, all 19 answered "yes." Comments as docu- Question 9 was a follow-up to Question 8. It sought to deter- mented in Table F3 in Appendix F articulated that whereas mine who exercises leadership, as opposed to who actually there is an expectation, the mechanisms for doing so are not has authority. Again, the list shows a wide variety of responses