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OCR for page 211
Index
A
Accidents and accident prevention
automobiles, 51, 194
Chernobyl, 163, 199
nuclear fatalities, 2, 104, 11~111, 163,
199 201
Three Mile Island, 2, 163, 199
Vak~ 3
Acid rain, 37, 80, 161,169
Aerosols, 65, 14~143, 145,168
see also Chlorofluorocarbons
Agriculture, 19~193, 194
hydroponic, 27
irrigation, 161
Air Force, 122
Air pollutants, specific
carbon dioxide, 10, 11, 27-28, 10~109,
111-112, 126-127, 134, 135, 196-198
carbon monoxide, 29-30, 83
chlorofluorocarbons, 3,12,18, 3~31, 65,
66, 137-154, 160169
fluorine, 37, 138
freon, 168, 169
lead, 65 66
nitrogen oxides, 16, 31, 79, 83 84, 101,
103, 106-107, 109-110, 139, 169, 170,
172, 175, 179
211
particulates, 176
sulfur oxides, 10, 18, 31-32, 37, 97,
100 102, 106 111, 140, 168, 189
Air quality and pollution, 26
acid rain, 37, 80,161,169
chemical plants, 174
clean coal technologies, 10, Is, 97,
106 111, 175-176
electric generation, 100 106
London, 79
plastics incineration, 178, 184
smog, 3, 169
stratosphere, supersonic transport, 79,
139
see also Chlorofluorocarbons;
Combustion processes; Emission
controls; Ozone and ozone layer
Air transport, 78, 116, 1~123, 194
National Aeronautic and Space
Administration, 148
stratospheric ozone, 79, 139
Alaska, 3
Alcohol fuels, methanol, 76, 131
Alliance for Responsible CFC Poligy, 143,
147, 150
Alloys, 56
Aluminum, 36 37, 56, 64
American Chemical Society, 168,169
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212
American Electnc, 107-108
American Refngeration Institute, 150
Ammonia, 4506, 140
Ammonium chloride, 24, 168
Antarctic region, 138, 145, 148, 151
Appliances, dematerialization, 51, 52
Ardekani, Siamak A., 7 - , 5(}69
AImy Corps of Engineem, 161
Artificial intelligence, 111
AT&1; 85, 87
Atlantic Ocean, 66
Ausubel, Jesse H., 1-20, 5~69, 7~91
Automobiles, 189
air pollutants, 30, 76-78, 83~4
catalytic converted, 76, 77-78, 83, 101
dematerialization, 51, 5~57, 59, 6506,
85~36
gasoline, 169
plastics, 88
road transport infrastructure, 73, 76
steel consumption, 8, sense, 58
tires, 16, 52, 5055
Ayres, Robert U., 4, ~7, 11, 17, 19,
23 49, 63, 84, 86
B
Balzhiser, Richard E., 10-12, 95-113
Banks and banking, waste production, 61
Basins (topographic), 165
Bays (topographic), 163
Behavioral factors, see Human behavior,
Social factors
Bhopal, 163
Biodegradability, 178, 189
Biosphere, energy system, 39 43
Biotechnology, 175, 188
energy source, 35
information technology and, 6~63
Byproducts, 162
natural gas as, 11~119
paper, 57, 61 64
sales, 33
see also Recycling; Waste residuals
C
Cadmium, 38
Calcium carbonate, 24
California, 3, 10~109, 175, 178, 179
Canada, 146
Canals, 73
INDEX
Cancer, 31, 66
Capacity, industrial, 97, 98,100,103-106
Capital investment
electricity, 98,105, 120
energy, 130
Carbon dioxide, 135
clean coal technologies, 10,11,108 109,
112
emissions, 27-28, 12~127, 134
Greenhouse edect, 11, 28 29, 111-112,
196 198
Carbon monoxide, 29 30, 83
Catalytic converted, 76, 77-78, 83, 101
Chemical Manufactured Association, 138
Chemicals and chemical industry, 162,
193 194
Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy,
143, 147, 150
American Chemical Society, 168, 169
atmospheric chemistry, see Air quality
and pollution; Greenhouse effect;
Ozone and ozone layer
Bhopal, 163
chromatography, 137-138
Dow Chemical, 108
Du Pont Company, 137-138, 13~140,
142, 147, INS, 150, }52
efficiency, 32
geochemical Cycles, 37-38
hazardous wastes, 33, 171, 17~177
highway maintenance, 78
history, recycling, 24 25
incineration, 178,183, 184, 188
industry trends, 171
Leblanc process, 24
Occidental Chemical Corporation,
164 165
plant design, 171, 17~177
solvents, 177
toxic waste disposal, 33
see also Combustion processes
Chemicals, specific, 31
ammonia, 45 46, 140
ammonium chloride, 24, 168
cadmium, 38
calcium carbonate, 24
chlorine, 2~25
creosote, 72
cryolite, 36 37
DDT, 168, 19~194
dichlorofluoromethane, 168
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INDEX
HFC-134a, 150
hydrogen, 12,16, 35, 7077, 80 81, 82,
120, 131
hydrogen chloride, 24
insecticides and pesticides, 2,168,
192 194
methanol, 76, 131
methyl chloride, 168
organic compounds, 177
phosphates, 131,164 165
polyethlyene, 184
polymers, 57, 178
sodium sulfate, 24
see also Air pollutants, specific, Plastics
Chernobyl, 163, 199
Chesapeake Bay, 163
China, 198
Chlorine, 2~25
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC:s), 3,12, 18,
30 31, 65, 66, 137-154, 168 169
Cholera, 160
Chromatography, 137-138
Cities, see Urban areas
Clean Air Act, 10~101, 145
Clean Lakes program, 165
Climate
drought, 161,183, 203
see also Greenhouse effect
Coal and coal mining, 9, 82, 112
clean power technologies, 10, 18, 97,
106 111, 175-176
gasification, 11, 97-98, 10~111
history of development, 115-116
power plant emissions, 100 103
sulfur oxides, 10, 187 37, 97, 1OO~lOl,
102, 106 111
Coal tar, 24
Cogeneration, 97, 120, 131
Colorado-Ute Power Plant, 107
Combustion processes, 188
carbon monoxide, 29 30
clean coal technologies, 10, 18, 97,
106 111, 175-176
goal, 10, 18, 97,106 111
fluidized-bed, 10~108, 109,110
incineration, 178,183,184, 188
nitrogen oxides, 16, 31
sulfur oxides, 31-32
waste, 175
Communications
infrastructure, 51
213
mail services, 62
telecommunications, 85, 87
telegraph, 75
Composite materials, 57, 84, 86
electric power and, 97
Computers and computer science, 88
dematerialization, 5~53
electric power technology, 97, 111
waste products, 6102
Concrete, 57
Conservationism, 17, 72
Construction industry, 67
Consumers, 187
consumer products, 19, 51, 52, By,
177-178, 184-185
in macroeconomics, 4, 6
Consumption
chlorofluorocarbons, 142, 144
energy, 10, 57, 60,117
heavy metals, 2~27, 2~31
hydrocarbon fuels, 79 80
in macroeconomics, 4, 6
natural gas, 116-117
projections, 84
resource depletion myth, 11~116
steel, 8, 5~57, 58
tires, 54
see also Dematerialization;
Supply/demand
Coolants, 168
chlorofluorocarbons, 14~141, 145
reactors, 199, 200
Cornell University, 168
Cost analyses, 185
chlorofluorocarbons, 143, 148
Greenhouse erect, 198
manufacturing design, 188
natural gas, 119~122
see also Prices
Court cases, see Litigation
Creosote, 72
C~yolite, 36 37
Cultural factom, see Historical
perspectives; Social factors
D
DDT, 168, 19~194
~Demand, see Supply/demand
Dematenalization, 6, 14, 50 69, 85~6
definition, 7-9, 5~51
see also Recycling
OCR for page 214
214
Demography, see Population
de Neuf~ille, Richard, 201
Developing countries, 169
diffusion of technology, 17-18
green revolution, 19~193
nitrogen oxide emissions, 172
waste dematerialization, 8
Dichlorofluoromethane, 168
Diffusion, see Technological diffusion
Diseases and disorders
cancer, 31, 66
cholera, 160
typhoid, 2
see also Public health
DNA, 42
Dow Chemical, 108
Drought, 161,183, 203
Du Pont Company, 137-138, 139-140,142,
147, 148, 150, 152
E
Economics
banks and banking, 61
capital investment, 98, 106, 120, 130
chlorofluorocarbons, 140 141, 147, 148,
150, 152, 168
common proper and, 27
energy systems, 129, 131
Gala hypothesis, 3~36
incentives, economic, 17, 3~35, 65, 96
innovation and, 3~36, 70-89,10
macrostructure, 4
mass flows, 23, 25-27
social forces, 183
waste management, 15-16, 26
see also Consumers; Cost analyses;
Developing countries; Market forces;
Prices
Economies of scale, 53
Education, 187
engineering, 179-180, 201-202, 203
multidisciplinary, 18, 179
public, 19, 195, 200
Efficiency
chemical processes, 32
energy, 1~17, 32, 83 84, 96, 98, 1(~6,
130; by country, 59
gas turbines, 97, 11~124, 125
Electric Generation Expansion Analysis
System, 122, 123-124
INDEX
Electric power
automobiles, 76
carbon dioxide, 108 109,111-112,134
clean coal technologies, 10, 18, 97,
106 111
coal generated, 10~103
cogeneration, 97, 120,131
efficiency, 106
gas, 10-12
historical trends, 99, 100, 1~105, 107
hydroelectric, 103-104
innovation, 96-97
industrial capacity and utilization, 97, 98,
100, 103-105
nuclear energy, 16, 35, 83, 199~201
Power Industry and Industrial Fuel Use
Act, 117
productivity, 97, 99 100
regulatory impact, 98, 100 106
safety, 104, 11~111
superconductors, 98, 171
see also Power plants
Electric Power Research Institute, 9~98,
122
El-Masri, M. A., 122-123
Emission controls, 131-132
automobiles, 30, 76-78
carbon monoxide, 30
catalytic converters, 76-78, 83, 101
fluorine, 37
hydrogen energy, 131
Energy systems, 2, 189
alternative, 3, 9-11, 35, 97-98, 99,
116-136, 198
biosphere, 39~3
biotechnology, 35
consumption trends, 82 83
demand, evolution, 81-83
developmental history, 81 84
efficiency, 16-17, 32, 83~4, 96, 98, 106,
130; by country, 57, 59
fossil fuels, 32,110136, 43,197-198
hydrocarbon fuels, 7~81, 86,126
hydrogen, 12, 16, 35, 76-77, 8~81, 82,
120, 131
integrated, 130 133,135
petroleum and petroleum products, 3, 9,
82, 116, 118-119, 126, 135
production, 10
projections, 97,116, 1Z7-129
resource depletion myth, 11~116
OCR for page 215
INDEX
wood, 82, 115, 126
see also Coal and coal mining;
Dematerialization; Electric power,
Natural gas; Nuclear energy
Engineenng Research Center for
Hazardous Substances, 175
Engineers and engineering
Army Corps, 161
design, 129, 169-174,188, 202
education, 179-180, 201-202, 203
geotechnical, 3
innovation, 9
Environmental engineering, 14, 1~20
innovations, 16-18
Environmental Impact Statements, 185
Environmental monitoring, 16
Environmental Protection Agency, 189
chlorofluorocarbons, 143, 145
Clean Lakes program, 165
environmental problems, priorities, 66
fluorine emissions, 37
lead emissions, 65 66
Estuaries,
Chesapeake Bay, 163
Everglades, 161, 162
Europe, 63, 79, 117, 120, 145,146
Eutrophication, 163
Evans, Harold M., 184
Everglades, 161, 162
Evolutionary forces, 23
see also Histoncal perspectives;
Technological innovation
Expert systems, 111
F
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of
1972, 165
Fertilizers, 192
Fish and fisheries, 163
mercury, 2
Flagan, Richard C., 175
Flood control, 161, 165
Flonda, 160161, 164 165
Fluidized-bed combustion, 106 108,109,
110
Fluorine, 37, 138
see also Chlorofluorocarbons
Food
mercury poisoning, 2
pesticides, 2
Food Service and Packaging Institute, 150
215
Forecasts, see Projections
Forests and forest products, 26
consecration, 72
see also Wood and wood products
Forest Senace, 72
Fossil fuels, 32, 43
advanced systems, 11~136
carbon dioxide emissions, 12~127,
197-198
see also specific fuels
France, 98
Freon, 168, 169
Friedlander, Sheldon K, 4,11-12,14,15,
17, 167-181
Frigidaire, 168
Frosch, Robert A, 1-20
Fusion enemy, 97,171
G
Gala hypothesis, 3~36
Gas, see Natural gas
Gas chromatography, 137-138
Gasification, 11, 97-98,106111
Gasoline, 169
Gas turbines, 97, 11~124, 125
General Motors, 168
Geochemical cycles, 37-38
Geotechnical engineenng, 3
Germany Federal Republic), 63
Glas, Joseph P., 12,18, 137-155
Global strategies and Systems, 4, 18, 95,
96, 126, 169, 184, 185-186, 187, 188,
194, 202
see also Greenhouse effect; International
organizations and agreements;
Ozone and ozone layer
Goeller, H. E., 86
Gray, Paul E., 2, 14,16,19, 192 204
Greenhouse effect, 16, 18, 80, 125-126,
163, 183, 195-198
carbon dioxide, 11, 2~29, 111-112,
196 198
Green revolution, 192193
Gross National Product, 99
dematerialization and, 55, 57
H
Haagen-Smit, Arie J., 175
Halogens, 17
see also Chlorofluorocarbons
OCR for page 216
216
Hazardous waste
chemical, 33, 171, 17~177
Engineering Research Center for
Hazardous Substances, 175
heavy metals, 2~27, 2~31, 36, 161
medical, 6~67
process control, 179, 188
product design, 4
Heavy metals, 2~27, 2~31, 36, 161
Herman, Robert, 1-20, 34, 5~69, 84 86
HFC-134a, 150
Hibbard, W. R. 55
Highways, see Road transport
Historical perspectives, 3
chemical industry, 24
chlorine, 24 25
chlorofluorocarbons, 137-154, 16~169
electricity, 99, 100, 10~105, 107
emissions data, 37
energy resources and systems, 79~34, 99,
100,114-116
environmental movement, 15~165
evolutionary forces, 23
hydrocarbon fuels, 79~1
London air pollution, 79
Midgley, Thomas, 168, 169
natural gas, 24
railroads, 7~73, 76, 118
regulatory trends, 167-169
water resource management, 159-165
see also Technological innovation
Homes, transportation, 7~77
Human behavior, 3
reactor design, 16
see also Public opinion; Social factors
Hydrocarbon fuels, 79 81, 86,126
Hydroelectric power, 103-104
Hydrogen, energy source, 12, 16, 35-36,
76-77, 8~81, 82, 120, 131
Hydrogen chloride, 24
Hydroponics, 27
IBM Corporation, 52
Incentives, economic, 34 35
energy resources, 17, 96
recycling, 65
tax, 17
Incineration, 178, 183, 184, 188
Industrial capacity and utilization,
electricity, 97, 98,100, 10~105
INDEX
Industrial metabolism, 05, 7, 9,11, 14,
17, 19, ~6
see also Recycling
Industrial processes
design, 129, 169~174, 188, 202
evolution, 3~33
transformation, 43~6
see also Dematenalization
Information technology
computers and computer science, 5~53,
61-62, 88, 97, 111
waste paper, 61~2
Infrastructure
communications, 51
energy, 11, 96, 104, 135
sewage, 160
transportation, 73, 75, 76, 78
Innovation, see Technological innovation
Insecticides, 2, 168, 19~194
Institutional factors, 1~16
Integrated gasification combined cycle,
10~110
International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis (IIASA), 116-117, 131
International organizations and agreements
electrical generation, 96, 98
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, 197-198
ozone layer protection, 65, 142, 14~145,
147-148, 149, 150, 152, 168
pollution, 125
regional strategies, 96
regulatory actions, 17-18, 65, 142,
145-146, 168, 16~, see also Montreal
Protocol
United Nations, 14~145, 148, 149,168,
197-19S, 199
Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone Layer, 144
see also Global strategies and systems
Irradiation, wastes, 16
Irrigation, 161
J
Japan, 63, 98, 123
K
Kansas, 72
Kettering, Charles F., 168, 169
OCR for page 217
INDEX
L
Lake Okeechobee, 161
Lakes, 165,192 193
Landfills, 160, 162, 178, 183,184
chemical wastes, 33
Law, 13, 103
Clean Air Act, 10(~101, 145
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 165
liability, 4
National Environmental Policy Act, 185
Power Industry and Industrial Fuel Use
Act, 117, 120
Surface Water Improvement and
Management Act, 165
see also Litigation; Regulations
Lead
pollution, 6~66
scrap, 64
Leblanc pIwess, 24
Lee, Thomas H., 3, 1~12, 63, 81, 11~136
Legal issues, see Law; Litigation;
Regulations
Liability, 4
Licensing, reactom, 200
Light-water reactors, 199~200
Litigation, 4,13,161-162, 162
chlorofluorocarbons, 145
Lovelock, J. E., 33-36, 137-138
Lynn, Walter R., 14, 19, 18~191
M
Mail services, paper waste, 62
Maintenance and repair
electrical utilities, 120
road systems, 78
Manne, Alan, 133
Manufacturing
capacity and utilization, electricity, 97,
98, 100, 10~105
design, 129,169-177,188, 202
industrial metabolism, 05, 7, 9, 11,14,
17, 19, 23~6
industrial processes, 32-33, 43~6, 129,
169-174, 188, 202
see also Oematerialization; Recycling
Maritime transport, 3, 18~183
Market forces, 163, 185
chlorofluorocarbons, 143, 150
energy, 16
recycling, 32-35, 178
217
see also Consumers; Consumption
Market shares
energy technologies, 95-96
natural gas, 11
Marland, G., 67
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
1=, 201
Mass flows, 23, 25-27
Materials-balance principles, 36 39
biosphere, 39~3
Materials technology, 84 89
composite materials, 57, 84, 86, 97
minerals replacement, 84~85
telecommunications, 85, 87
see also Dematerialization, specific
materials
Me Carthy, Raymond, 138
Media, 182, 195
Medical wastes, 66 67
Mercury poisoning, 2
Metabolism
biological, 39~3
industrial metabolism, =5, 7, 9, 11, 14,
17, 19, 23 46
Metals
alloys, 56
environmental concerns, 86
heavy metals, 26 27, 28 31, 36, 161
ores, 26, 31
packaging, 52
scrap, 64
smelting, 36 37
substitute materials, 84 86
see also specific metals
Methane, 31, 76,116
see also Natural gas
Methanol, 76, 131
Methyl chloride, 168
Midgley, Thomas, 168,169
Military applications, 122 123
Mineral resources, 84, 164
mass flow and, 25 26
see also specific minerals and metals
Miniaturization, 52
Minnesota, 107
Mobro, 182-183
Models, 188
biological, 39~3; 162
electric power techniques, 97
Gala hypothesis, 3~36
OCR for page 218
i
218
industrial transformation processes,
43=K
Montreal Protocol as, 169
technological development, 7~73, 80 81
see also Industrial metabolism;
Projections
Molina, M., 138
Montana-Dakota Power Plant, 107
Montreal Protocol on Substances That
Deplete the Ozone Layer, 148, 149,
150, 152, 168, 169-170
Municipalities, see Urban areas
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 148
National Environmental Policy Act, 185
National Research Council, 78, 184, 187
Natural gas, 126, 198
advanced systems, 1~12, 112, 116-124
consumption, 83
economics, 97, 106, 109
history, 24, 80~1
production, 121
turbines, 97, 119-124, 125
Natural Resource Defense Council, 145
Netherlands, 63
New Jersey, 66
News media, 182, 195
Newspapers
municipal waste, 57-58, 61, 63
recycling, 178
New York, 66, 178, 182 183
Nitrogen oxides, 16, 31, 79, 83 84,101,
103, 106-107, 109 110, 169, 170, 172,
175, 179
ozone destruction, 139
Non-point-source pollution, 163
Nonrenewable resources, 86, 89
myths, 114-116
Northern States Power, 107, 109
Norway, 120
Nuclear energy, 83, 98, 120, 199-201
Chernobyl, 163, 199
coolants, 199, 200
electric propulsion, 35
fusion energy, 97,171
innovation, 16, 104, 11(~111, 131
public opinion, 200
safety, 104,110-111, 199-201
Three Mile Island, 2,163, 199
INDEX
o
Occidental Chemical Corporation, 164
Office of Technology Assessment, 175
Oil, see Petroleum and petroleum products
Oil pollution, 3
Organic compounds, 177
Organization of Petroleum Exponing
Countries, 197-198
Ozone and ozone layer, 3, 12,18, 3(~31,
65, 66, 137-154, 163, 168 169
Ozone [Lends Panel, 148, 150
p
Packaging
computers, 52
Food Service and Packaging Institute,
150
plastic, 52, 184
Panel for Alternative Fluorocarbon
Toxicity Testing, 148
Paper and paper products, 86
newspapers, 57-58, 61, 63, 178
photocopying, 61, 62
waste, 57, 61 64, 88
Particulates, 176
Paul, B., 63
Pennsylvania, Three Mile Island, 2, 163,
199
Pesticides, 2, 168, 19~194
Petroleum and petroleum products, 9, 82,
126
carbon dioxide used to recover, 135
development, 116, 11~119
oil pollution, 3
paper manufacturing, 62
Phosphates, 131, 16~165
Photocopying, 61, 62
Physicians, 160
Plastics, 86, 177-178
automotive, 88
composites, 56
metal substitutes, 84~6
packaging, 52, 184
polymem, 57, 178
waste, 61
Politics, 35, 183, 189, 201
chlorofluorocarbons, 147-14S, 198
nuclear technology, 200
water resources management, 163
Policy, 189, 195, 201, 203
OCR for page 219
INDEX
chlorofluorocarbons, corporate policy,
139-140, 143, 147
industrial metabolism, 7, 14
Polyethylene, 184
Polymers, 57, 178
Population
growth, 2, 169,173, 194
spatial dispersion, 8, 54
Postal services, paper waste, 62
Power Industry and Industrial Fuel Use
Act, 117
Power plants
near-term problems, 95-113
rate structure, 120
Predictions, see Projections
Preservatives, railroad crossties, 7~73
Prices
fuel, 35, 103, 109, 197-198
utility rate structure, 120
Production and productivity
chlorofluorocarbons, 144
economies of scale, 53
electricity, 97, 98, 99, 100,103-105
energy, 10, 121
Gross National Product, 55, 57, 99
in macroeconomics, 4, 6
tires, 54
see also Efficiency, Supply/demand
Projections, 194
demand, 84, 97
energy, 97, 116, 127-129
ozone layer/CFCs, 13~139, 140, 141,
143, 145, 146 147, 153
reactor safety, 20~201
resource depletion myth, 11~116
Propellants, aerosol, 65, 14~143, 145
Public health
electric and magnetic fields, 98
water supply chlorination, 2
Public opinion, 1-3, 163-164, 182184,
19~195, 200
Q
Quality control and improvement
dematerialization and, 5~53
energy systems, 129
R
Radioactive pollution, nuclear reactor
design, 16, 199-201
219
Railroads, 7(~73, 76,118
Rain, 163
acid rain, 37, 80, 161,169
storm water, 16~161
Reactors, see Nuclear energy
Recycling, 4, 7,15, 36, 162, 189
biosphere and industrial economy, ~
chemical industry, 2025, 3~33, 174, 177
cost incentives, 65
dematerialization, 6, 7-9, 14, 5(K9
market forces, 3~35
newspapers, 178
paper, 63~4
plastics, 178
regulation vs. 164
scrap metal, 64
Refrigeration, 14~141, 145,150, 168
Regional strategies, 96,122, 123 124, 186
Regulations, 10,13,14, 33, 16~165, 174,
175, 185, 195
carbon monoxide emissions, 30
chlorofluorocarbons, 65, 143-145,
147-148, 149, 150, 152, 168, 16~170
electric power, 98, 10~106, 121-122
international, 17-18, 65,142,145-146,
168, 169
lead, 65 66
plastics, 178
reactor licensing, 200
trends, 167-169
water management, 160, 162, 163
see also Environmental Protection
Agency
Renewable resources, mass flow, 25 26
see also Recycling
Repairs, see Maintenance and repair
Research and development
biological models, 162
chlorofluorocarbons, 138,142, 148,150,
151
highways, 78
plant wastes, 17~177
waste technology, 187-189
see also Technological innovation
Risk assessments, see Projections
Rivers, 160165,192 193
Road transport, 73, 76, 78
Rowland, F. S., 138
Rupp, W. H., 174
OCR for page 220
220
S
Safety, nuclear, 104, 11~111, 19~201
Santa Barbara Channel, 3
Scrap metal, 64
Sensor technologies, 110-111, 188
Sewage, 160
Shapiro, Irving, 140
Ships and shipping, 3, 18~183
Shoes, 53
Silicon wafers, 52
Sludge, 66
Smelting
aluminum, 36 37
sulfur oxide emissions, 37
Smog, 3, 169
Social factors, 1~16,1~19, 125,163,164,
185-186, 201-202, 203
chlorofluorocarbons, 148
consumers, 4, 6, 19, 51, 52, 65, 177-178,
18~185, 187
dematenalization, 53-55
education, 18, 19, 179-180,187,195
innovation and, 20,129,193
institutional factors, 12-16
market forces, 16,143,150, 163,178,185
media, 182, 195
paper waste and, 61
politics, 35, 147-148, 163, 183, 189, 198,
200, 201
policy, 7, 14, 139-140, 143, 147, 189,
195, 201, 203
population, 2, 8, 54, 169,173,194
public health, 2, 98
public opinion, 1-3, 16~164, 182 184,
19~195, 200
resource depletion myth, 11~116
sociotechnical systems, 7~74, 98-99,
185 187
see also Historical perspectives; Law;
Regulations
Sodium sulfate, 24
Solar radiation, 30, 39, 138
Solvents, 177
Southern California Edison, 107-108,175
South Florida Flood Control Project, 161
Soviet Union, Chernobyl, 163, 199
Stanford University, 131
Statutes, see Law; Litigation; Regulations
Steel
consumption, 8, 5~57, 58
energy requirements, 130
INDEX
St. Johns River, 165
Storm water, 16~161
Strategic Highway Research Program, 78
Stratosphere
supersonic transport, 79, 139
see also Ozone and ozone layer
Stratospheric Ozone Protection Plan
(EPA), 145
Sulfur oxides, 31-32, 37, 189
chlorofluorocarbons as alternative, 140,
168
clean coal technologies, 10,18, 97,
106 111
scrubbers, 10~101, 102, 108
Superconductors, 98, 171
Supersonic transport, 79, 139
Supply/demand
chlorofluorocarbons, 146
"demandite" concept, 86, 88 89
dematerialization and, 5~55
electricity, 97, 98,100, 10~105
energy, 10, 81~3, 97,103
equilibrium, 31-32
hydrocarbon fuels, 12~1Z7
projections, 84
wood industry history, 72
Surface Water Improvement and
Management Act, 165
Suwannee River, 164 165
Sweden, 135
T
laces, subsidies, 17
Technological diffusion, 81, 88
to developing countries, 17-18
Technological innovation, 010, 7~90,
189, 192 204
aircraft, 118
dematerialization and, 54
electric power, 96-97, 171
energy, 81 84, 129 130, 171
environmental quality, 16-18, 20
industrial processes, ~36
natural gas, advanced systems, 1~12,
112, 116-124
social factors, 20, 129, 19~195
transportation systems, 2, 7~79
Telecommunications' 85, 87
Telegraph, 75
Ten ner, EL., 61
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INDEX
Tennessee Valley Authority DIVA),
107-108
Three Mile Island, 2,163, 199
Time series analysis, 129
Tires, 16, 52, 5~55
Toxic waste, see Hazardous waste
Transportation systems, 2, 70-79
air transport, 78, 79, 116, 12~123, 139,
148, 194
canals, 73
energy, 82
horses, 76-77
infrastructure, 73
mantime, 3, 182-183
railroad, 7~73, 75, 76,118
road, 73, 76, 78
waste, 7, 18~183
see also Automobiles
Troposphere, 79
Tschinkel, Victoria J., 3 - , 12-13, 18, 19,
159-166
U
Ultraviolet radiation, ozone layer
depletion, 3~31, 138
United Kingdom, 79,145
United Nations Environment Program,
143-145, 148, 149, 16S, 197-198, 199
Urban areas
air pollution, 29, 76-77
sludge, 66
solid waste, 8, 57, 6l) 61, 177-178,
182 183
water supply, 161
VFranz, 3
Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone Layer, 144
W
Waste residuals, 7,15,13, 23, 25-33 Xerox, 62
construction industry, 67
lead, 64, 65~6
materials-balance principles, 36
medical, 66 67
municipal, 8, 57, 6~61, 66
packaging, 52, 184
paper, 57-58, 61 64, 86, &8, 178
221
silicon wafers, 52
throwaway products, 26, 6S, 66
see also Dematerialization; Recycling
Waste management, 1016, 162, 187-189
biodegradability, 178, 189
chemical plant design, 17~177
landfills, 33, 160, 162, 178,183, 184
Mobro, lS2-183
water, 16~161, 163
see also Hazardous waste
Waterfowl, 161
Water quality and pollution
acid rain, 37, 80,161,169
Atlantic Ocean, 66
chlorination, 2
eutrophication, 163
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 165
fertilizers, 192
heavy metals, 2~27, 28 31, 36, 161
insecticides and pesticides, 2, 168,
192 194
lakes, 161,165, 19~193
mercury poisoning, 2
non-point-source pollution, 163
oil pollution, 3
phosphates, 131,164 165
rivers, 160165, 19~193
road ice removal, 78
sewage, 160
Water resource management, 15~165
fish and fisheries, 2, 163
flood control, 161,165
Watersheds, 165
Weinberg, A. M., 67, 90,186
Wildlife, 161
Wood and wood products
energy source, 82, 115, 126
railroad industry development, 7~}72, 76
recycling, 34 35
see alto Forests and forest products;
Paper and paper products
X
z
Zinc scrap, 64
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
ozone layer
