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TABLE 11
FRANCE: JOB TITLES AMONG INSPECTION CONSULTANTS
Title Function
Inspection Team Leader of a team (or crew) for bridge inspection
Leaders Reports to the district manager (CDOA of the DDE)
Guides all field inspection activities and works as a part of the inspection team
Completes all necessary preparations for field work including travel, equipment, and
reporting forms
Bridge Inspectors Personnel performing inspection tasks, taking observations, assigning condition ratings,
etc.
Reports to team leaders during field work
Underwater Personnel trained in both diving and bridge inspection; performs underwater inspection
Inspectors tasks, takes observations, assigns condition ratings, etc.
Reports to team leaders during field work
CDOA = Cellule Départementale des Ouvrages d'Art; DDE = Direction Départementale de l'Equipement.
and direct inspection quality programs. The SRA has The Danish National Road Directorate has goals rather
20 inspection team leaders, who perform inspections, hire than formal requirements for experience of inspection per-
consultants for inspections, and perform QC (see Tables 13 sonnel. In this area of qualification, the scarcity of experi-
and E44). enced personnel is a constraint (Table 17).
Danish bridge inspectors and underwater inspectors must
United Kingdom be in good physical condition with good eyesight and good
color perception. There are no fitness or vision requirements
The U.K. Highways Agency is a managing agency that sets
for other staff titles among bridge inspection staff.
policies and standards, hires contractors, and monitors con-
tractor work. The Highways Agency has 20 area structures
managers, each assigned a portion of the agency's network. Finland
Contractors employ team leaders, inspectors, divers, and
inspection specialists. Contractor personnel include approx- Among Finnra staff, the inspection program manager and
imately 30 inspection team leaders, 120 bridge inspectors, certified inspectors for basic inspections (inspections of ref-
and 10 underwater inspectors (see Table E45). erence bridges) are engineers. Inspectors for basic inspec-
tions must also have a certificate in concrete structures. Other
inspectors need not be engineers; however, they must be cer-
QUALIFICATIONS OF INSPECTION STAFF-- tified as inspectors. Finnra's inspector certification requires
FOREIGN AGENCIES
four days of theoretical training and two days of field work
Denmark followed by both written and field examinations (Table 18).
Continued certification requires annual advanced training. A
Apart from underwater inspectors, all Danish inspection per- separate two-day course in the use of Finnra's Bridge Regis-
sonnel are engineers (Table 14). Danish inspectors perform ter is required for inspectors permitted to enter registry data.
Principal inspections at six-year intervals. Annual inspec-
tions are performed by maintenance personnel. Danish pol- Finnra's bridge inspection course is required for bridge
icy on inspections, inspectors, and inspectors' skills are listed inspectors and program administrators. The more experi-
in Table 15. The Danish Road Directorate does not certify enced personnel are selected for basic inspections of refer-
inspectors. ence bridges and for leadership positions in the inspection
program. Newly certified inspectors often work with more
Denmark conducts annual refresher training for all bridge experienced personnel for their first year. Training courses in
inspectors. There are no other training requirements. For staff Finland are listed in Table 19. Training and mentoring
titles, such as underwater inspector and bridge load rater, requirements are listed in Table 20.
individuals must bring appropriate experience to their posi-
tions (Table 16). Finnra's policy on inspections and inspectors is shown in
Table 21.
TABLE 12
FRANCE: NUMBER OF CONSULTANT TABLE 13
INSPECTION PERSONNEL SWEDEN: NUMBERS OF INSPECTION STAFF
Title No. of Staff Job Title SRA Staff Consultant Staff
(approximately) Inspection Program Manager 2 --
Inspection Team Leaders 50 Team Leaders and Bridge Inspectors 20 30
Bridge Inspectors 100 Equipment Inspectors -- 6
Underwater Inspectors 20 Regular Inspectors (road foremen) -- 50
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TABLE 14
DENMARK: BRIDGE INSPECTOR QUALIFICATIONS
Title Education
Bridge Department Manager Engineering B.Sc
Bridge Inspectors Engineering B.Sc
Underwater Inspectors Experienced personnel
Bridge Load Rater Engineer B.Sc, Senior engineer
with experience in bridge rating
calculation
Bridge Data Specialist or Software Specialist Engineering B.Sc
B.Sc = Bachelor of Science.
TABLE 15
DENMARK: INSPECTIONS AND INSPECTORS
Inspection Type Inspector Inspector Skills
Normal Routine Roadmen Can evaluate matters affecting traffic safety
Inspection Can distinguish between significant and insignificant damage
Can take prompt action in the event of sudden damage
Can evaluate repairs to drainage systems, winter conditions, surfacing, etc.
Can make reports
Extended Routine Road Have a good knowledge of bridge maintenance
Inspection foreman Be able to describe damage
Be able to propose improvements
Can evaluate the need for preventive maintenance
Principal Bridge The inspector will normally be an engineer
Inspection inspector Good observation abilities
Knowledge of damage concepts
Knowledge of damage causes
The ability to distinguish significant damage from insignificant damage
The ability to evaluate the consequences of damage
The ability to evaluate cleaning and maintenance conditions
A fair knowledge of materials technology and the mode of action of major
structures
Knowledge of repair methods and cost estimates
Experience in the technical supervision of bridge work
Economic Special Bridge Good knowledge of the causes and development of damage
Inspection inspector Good knowledge of repair methods
Good overview of the influence of repair works on other structural
components
Experience in bridge design and construction
Good knowledge of construction methods and materials technology
Good knowledge of cost estimates for repair works
Able to make a general evaluation of various repair strategies
Able to judge when specialist help is needed for traffic aspects and
calculation of road-user costs, evaluation of available condition
registrations, and evaluation of load-carrying capacity
Technical Special Bridge Good knowledge of the causes and development of damage
Inspection inspector Good knowledge of investigation methods
Able to decide on the necessary extent of the investigation
Experience in work planning
Good knowledge of construction methods and materials technology
Able to judge when specialist help is needed for special registrations
(measurement specialists), materials technology, special investigations,
evaluation of the results of investigations, and carrying out structural
calculations
TABLE 16
DENMARK: TRAINING AND MENTORING REQUIREMENTS
Title Training
Bridge Department Manager No obligatory training programs
Bridge Inspectors Two days of refresher training every year, with inspection in field and
calibrating of condition marks and repair cost estimates
Underwater Inspectors Review of resumes of team members
Bridge Load Rater Review of staff resumes. Internal QC in the consulting company
Bridge Data Specialist or No obligatory training programs. Thorough knowledge of Danbro use for
Software Specialist data specialist
Thorough knowledge of Danbro programs for software specialist
Danbro = Bridge management systems used by Danish Road Directorate.
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TABLE 17
DENMARK: JOB TITLES AND DESIRED EXPERIENCE
Bridge Inspection Bridge Maintenance Bridge Design
Title (years) (years) (years)
Bridge Department Manager 2 2 2
Bridge Inspectors 2 2 1
Underwater Inspectors -- -- --
Bridge Load Rater 1 1 5
Bridge Data Specialist or 5 5 2
Software Specialist
TABLE 18
FINLAND: REQUIREMENTS FOR EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION
Title Education (minimum) Certification (minimum)
Bridge Inspection Program Manager Higher exam at a technical Bridge inspector certification
university
Inspection Staff Member Exam at a technical high
school
District Bridge Engineer Exam at a technical high
school
Certified Bridge Inspector Exam at a technical high Bridge inspector certification
school
Certified Bridge Inspector (for basic Higher exam at a technical Bridge inspector certification
inspections) university + FISE certificate in concrete design
Certified Bridge Inspector (for Higher exam at a technical Bridge inspector certification
special inspections) university + FISE certificate in concrete design
Underwater Inspector Exam at a technical high Bridge inspector certification, diving
school license
Road Foreman (for annual Exam at a technical school
inspections)
Bridge Load Rater Higher exam at a technical
university
Bridge Data Specialist Higher exam at a technical
university
Main User of Bridge Register Exam at a technical school
Note: FISE is a Finnish organization that trains and certifies personnel in a variety of technical areas, including bridge design
and inspection.
TABLE 19
BRIDGE INSPECTION TRAINING: FINLAND
Training Description
Theoretical Lessons on bridge structure, structural parts, and measures; static behavior, load
Training, 4-Day capacity; construction materials; damage, defects, and deterioration; repair,
inspection system, and handbooks; bridge register and reports
Participant gets the handbooks (2) and all the materials of the lessons
Field work and examination take place about one month later
Field Work, 2-Day Guided (instructional) inspection of two bridges, followed by testing of individual
inspectors
Advanced Training, Individual inspection of two bridges. The correct results are given and discussed in
One Day per Year the afternoon session. After the day, the data are stored in the bridge register and
(refresher) quality points are calculated. Every inspector gets feedback.
Bridge Register, Use of bridge register system; successful completion certifies the individual for
2-Day adding and editing data in the bridge database system.
France spection agents are certified by the director of the regional
laboratory.
In France, inspection personnel are certified at three levels:
Team Leader, Inspector, and Inspector Agent (Table 22). Certification at each level has requirements for formal edu-
The central laboratory, LCPC, directs a certification board cation, for training, and for experience with bridges. Inspection
for inspection personnel. Board members are personnel team leaders are engineers, inspectors are college-educated,
from regional laboratories. To become certified, team lead- and inspection agents have a high school education or better.
ers and inspectors must complete the training required for These requirements are listed in Table 23. Training courses,
the job title and be examined by the certifying board. In- called "modules," are managed by the Ecole Nationale des
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TABLE 20
FINLAND: TRAINING AND MENTORING REQUIREMENTS
Title Training Mentoring
Bridge Inspection Bridge inspection course Many years experience
Program Manager Basic course in Bridge Register
Inspection Staff Bridge inspection course Depends on the person's
Member (instructors responsibility and
for the inspection examination, many years
course) experience
District Bridge Bridge inspection course
Engineer Basic course in Bridge Register and BMS use
Certified Bridge Bridge inspection course
Inspector Basic course in Bridge Register use
Certified Bridge Bridge inspection course Two years experience
Inspector (for basic Basic course in Bridge Register use
inspections)
Underwater Bridge inspection course
Inspector Basic course in Bridge Register use
Diving course
Road Foreman (for None
annual inspections)
Bridge Load Rater Bridge inspection course Many years experience
Basic course in Bridge Register use
Bridge Data None Many years experience
Specialist (teacher
of users and
developer of Bridge
Register and BMS)
Main User of Bridge Basic course in Bridge Register use
Register
BMS = bridge management system.
TABLE 21
FINLAND: INSPECTORS AND INSPECTIONS
Inspection Type Inspector
Acceptance, Annual, Road foremen
General
Basic, Special Engineers having BS or MS degrees who are certified bridge
inspectors
Underwater Certified bridge inspectors who are also certified as divers
Intensified Monitoring Road foreman or engineer depending on need
TABLE 22
FRANCE: EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INSPECTION
PERSONNEL
U.S. Equivalent
Title Education Education Certification
Inspection Team Leader Civil engineering degree BS Civil By Certifying Board
or Project Manager (Baccalauréat + 5 years or Engineering
(Chargé d'études) Bac + 2 years)
Inspector Baccalauréat + 2 years or Basic university By Certifying Board
Bac degree
Inspection Agent BEP or Baccalauréat High school By the laboratory
diploma director
BEP = Brevet d' Enseignement Professionel.
TABLE 23
FRANCE: INSPECTION CERTIFICATIONS
Certification/
Awarding Organization Certification Description
LCPC (DTOA) Chargé d'études en inspection d'ouvrages d'art Team leader
LCPC (DTOA) Inspecteur Inspector
LRPC (Directeur) Agent d'inspection Inspector agent
DTOA = Direction technique Ouvrages d'art (Technical Direction on Engineering Structures).
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TABLE 24
FRANCE: TRAINING MODULES
Training Description
Module 1 General structures including common forms of bridges in reinforced concrete, prestressed
concrete, steel, and masonry; culverts; common retaining walls
Module 2 Prestressed concrete bridges having long spans and/or unusual forms
Module 3 Uncommon retaining walls and trenches
Module 4 Great steel bridges, cable bridges, gantries
Module 5 Tunnels
Module 6 Special course for project manager (team leader): Special behavior of bridges, diagnosis,
investigations, repair, case studies
Ponts et Chaussées (Tables 24 and 25). Certifications for Team agers also have sufficient bridge-related experience. There is
Leaders, Inspectors, and Inspection Agents follow a common no formal requirement for experience for program managers.
sequence of training. At a minimum, a bridge inspector must be
qualified in Module 1. A project manager must be qualified in There are physical fitness requirements. Inspectors must
at least Modules 1 and 6. Having these modules, the individual be capable of the walking, climbing, or other activities
then completes a field test in bridge inspection and an oral required by an inspection. Inspectors may not be colorblind
examination by the certifying board. Requirements for experi- and must have no hearing impairment.
ence are listed in Table 26. New team leaders and new inspec-
tors are mentored by senior personnel during the first year of
their certification. South Africa
Regarding fitness and vision requirements for inspectors, For SANRAL, Principal inspections are led by licensed PEs
France makes a distinction between personnel qualifications who are certified bridge inspectors and who have experience
and assignments. Qualifications are the formal requirements in bridge design (Tables 28 and 29). All inspectors must
for education, training, and certification. Among qualified attend a two-day inspection workshop run by SANRAL in
personnel, particular assignments, and the duties that come which the Structures Management System is outlined, full
with these, depend on factors such as good vision, ability to inspections at bridge sites are performed, and all participants
work at height, and the general ability to work well with must provide condition ratings for a bridge. This course is
other staff and with clients. taught by the Bridge Network Manager with some input from
the developer of BMS software. The condition rating system
is then discussed by participants as a group.
Germany
SANRAL accreditation for inspectors requires attendance
In Germany, bridge inspectors must have formal education at an inspection workshop and submission of a resume detail-
as civil engineers and complete a federal training course last- ing experience and qualifications. The following educational
ing one week that covers all aspects of inspection (Table 27). qualifications and experience are needed:
Inspection program managers in each state will also routinely
have this course on their resume, although there is no federal · Major culvert inspectors--Civil engineering degree
requirement for it. Additional courses, often dealing with with a minimum of 5 years experience in the design of
special structures or tasks, are offered at the state level. Con- bridges and culverts.
tinuing training occurs at annual federal conferences for · Bridge inspectors--Civil engineering degree, profes-
bridge inspections. There is no formal certification of bridge sional registration, and a minimum of 5 years of full-time
inspectors. experience in bridge design and documentation.
· Senior bridge inspectors--A university degree, profes-
German bridge inspectors and inspection team leaders sional registration, and 17 years bridge design experience
must have five years experience in bridge design, construc- that must specifically include design of continuous pre-
tion, or maintenance. Usually, state inspection program man- stressed decks.
TABLE 25
FRANCE: TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Training
Title (course name) Duration
Team Leader/Project Manager Modules 1 and Module 6 Module 1: 6 days
Module 6: 3 days
Inspector Module 1 Module 2: 1 day
Optional: Modules 2, 3, 4, and 5 Module 3: 3 days
Module 4: 2 days
Module 5:
Inspection Agent Module 1 Module 1: 6 days
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TABLE 26
FRANCE: INSPECTION STAFF QUALIFICATIONS
Title Qualifications
Team Leader Current requirements: Training Modules 1 and 6 with a good notation
+ One year of mentoring
+ Test inspection on site
+ Approval by certifying board
Alternative requirements: 3 years experience as a team leader
+ Approval by certifying board
Inspector Current requirements: Training Module 1 with a good notation
+ One year of mentoring
+ Test of inspection on site
+ Approval by certifying board
Alternative requirements: 5 years of functioning like an inspector
+ discussion with certifying board
Inspection Agent Test on site or demonstration of technical know-how
TABLE 27 bridges, structural behavior, materials, and deterioration
GERMANY: EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION mechanics, as well as the Swedish bridge code.
REQUIREMENTS
Title Education
Inspection Program Manager Civil engineering degree
Inspection Team Leader Civil engineering degree United Kingdom
Bridge Inspector Civil engineering degree
Underwater Inspector Engineering college diploma The Highways Agency does not impose formal requirements
for education for any staff title, and requires certification as a
chartered engineer (equivalent to U.S. PE) only for the super-
There are no formal requirements for physical fitness or
vising engineer for an inspection team (Table 32). The super-
vision, except the general requirement that inspectors must
vising engineer hires inspection team members. The agency
be able to do the work.
requires that the supervising engineer ensure that all person-
nel performing bridge inspections be fit and qualified for their
Sweden tasks.
In Sweden, individuals performing General or Major inspec- Divers are certified by the U.K. Health and Safety Execu-
tions must hold an engineering degree, have experience with tive. Some nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists are
bridge design and construction, and must complete a one- certified by the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing.
week training course offered by the SRA (Tables 30 and 31). This is similar to certification by the American Society for
Inspectors must have knowledge of bridge types, bridge Nondestructive Testing in the United States.
design specifications, defect types, and the likely rates of
growth of defects. The contractor is responsible for providing qualified per-
sonnel and for executing competent inspection work. Poor,
Additional certification is needed for underwater inspec- perhaps incompetent, work by a contractor is evidence that
tion, and for inspection of mechanical and electrical equip- personnel are not qualified or not properly directed. The
ment. QA in bridge inspections is achieved by adequate qualifications that may be applied to individuals regarding
training of inspectors and by the use, where possible, of their education, licensure, work experience, physical fitness,
quantitative measures of damage. etc., are all matters for contractor management and oversight.
Sweden does not have numerical requirements for inspec- Overall, requirements are met by the contractor; that is,
tion experience, but inspectors must have good knowledge of the performance of the contract is judged on the basis of the
TABLE 28
SOUTH AFRICA: EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
Title Education Certification*
Inspection Program Manager Professional bridge engineer
Engineering degree
Inspection Team Leader Civil engineering degree PE license
Bridge Inspector Civil engineering degree
Senior Bridge Inspector Civil engineering degree PE license
Underwater Inspector -- Certification as diver
Inspection Specialists Civil engineering degree
Major Culvert Inspector Technical civil diploma or degree
*All titles except underwater inspector require certification by SANRAL.
