Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 6
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Research Needs Associated
with Particulate Emissions
at Airports
OCR for page R2
ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Independent Consultant VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
VICE CHAIR
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
MEMBERS John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
James Crites
DallasFort Worth International Airport
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Richard de Neufville Norfolk, VA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin C. Dolliole David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
UCG Associates Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia,
John K. Duval Charlottesville
Beverly Municipal Airport Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Angela Gittens
HNTB Corporation Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Steve Grossman Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Oakland International Airport Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Tom Jensen Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of
National Safe Skies Alliance Technology, Atlanta
Catherine M. Lang Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Federal Aviation Administration
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Gina Marie Lindsey
Los Angeles World Airports Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Carolyn Motz Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Hagerstown Regional Airport Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Richard Tucker Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta
Huntsville International Airport Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Sabrina Johnson Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Richard Marchi EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Airports Council International--North America
Laura McKee Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Air Transport Association of America Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Henry Ogrodzinski Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
National Association of State Aviation Officials Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary,
American Association of Airport Executives
Robert E. Skinner, Jr.
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
SECRETARY Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Christopher W. Jenks
Transportation Research Board
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Nicole R. Nason, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
James Ray, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of January 2008. *Membership as of May 2008.
OCR for page R3
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 6
Research Needs Associated
with Particulate Emissions
at Airports
Sandy Webb
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING GROUP, LLC
Annapolis, MD
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
Philip D. Whitefield
WHITEFIELD SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING
Rolla, MO
Richard C. Miake-Lye
Michael T. Timko
AERODYNE, INC.
Billerica, MA
Theodore G. Thrasher
CSSI, INC.
Washington, DC
Subject Areas
Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2008
www.TRB.org
OCR for page R4
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 6
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 02-04
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN: 978-0-309-11739-5
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2008905365
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2008 Transportation Research Board
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative
Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- completeness of the project reporting.
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
OCR for page R6
COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 6
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Christine L. Gerencher, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
ACRP PROJECT 2-04 PANEL
Field of Environment
Mary L. Vigilante, Synergy Consultants, Inc., Seattle, WA (Chair)
Keith L. Beasley, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA
Anuj Bhargava, Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, CT
Alison Bird, Federal Express Corporation, Mesa, AZ
Elizabeth Leavitt, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
John R. Pehrson, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc., Irvine, CA
Carl Ma, FAA Liaison
Sabrina Johnson, EPA Liaison
Tim A. Pohle, Air Transport Association of America Liaison
Jessica Steinhilber, Airports Council InternationalNorth America Liaison
Chowen Chou Wey, U.S. Department of the Army Liaison
OCR for page R7
FOREWORD
By Christine L. Gerencher
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports provides
guidance on the most important research needed by the airport community in the area of
particulate emissions. This report examines the state of industry research on aviation-
related particulate matter (PM) emissions and identifies knowledge gaps that existing
research has not yet bridged. These gaps and related research needs are then prioritized
based on the ability of research in those areas to address airports' needs for more thorough
and accurate aviation-related PM emissions inventories. While the main purpose of this
report is to identify key research areas important to the airport community for ACRP con-
sideration, research communities at large will also benefit from this report's comprehensive
analysis of aviation PM emissions-related research needs.
Domestic airports and the aviation-industry partners that rely on these airports must assure
compliance with current particulate matter (PM) controls, as called for in existing environ-
mental requirements and state implementation plans (SIPs) and in the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) as enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In response to a U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) report released in February 2003 titled
"Aviation and the Environment: Strategic Framework Needed to Address Challenges Posed
by Aircraft Emissions" (GAO-03-252), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in consul-
tation with the EPA and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is develop-
ing a strategic framework for addressing emissions from aircraft-related PM sources, known
as the Aircraft Emission Characterization (AEC) Roadmap.
A foundational part of the AEC Roadmap is identifying needed research on aircraft PM
emissions. However, from an airport operator's perspective, PM emissions from aircraft is
only one component of the overall airport PM emissions inventory. Specifically, the relative
contributions of other sources of PM, including the ambient environment, diesel combustion
processes, and non-combustion releases of PM (and its precursors) from other airport equip-
ment and sources, are not explicitly known. This report subsequently builds on the knowledge
gained from the AEC Roadmap process by evaluating all significant knowledge gaps that affect
the airport community's understanding of aviation-related PM emissions in their environ-
ment, and prioritizes research needs to bridge those gaps based on their ability to assist air-
ports in conducting more thorough airport PM emissions inventories.
ACRP Report 6 concludes by identifying three suggested research projects for ACRP con-
sideration, including detailed problem statements for submittal through the ACRP solici-
tation process. These problem statements identify the highest priority research projects for
airports relative to aviation-related PM emissions that are not included in other PM
research programs.
OCR for page R8
CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Summary
1 Project Overview
2 Prioritized Research Agenda
4 Chapter 2 Background
5 Chapter 3 Primer on Particulate Matter Emissions
from Aviation
5 What is PM?
5 How is PM Formed?
7 How Does PM Affect Health?
7 How is PM Regulated in the United States?
8 What are the Sources of PM at an Airport?
9 What are the Most Recent Aviation PM Research Efforts?
9 Why are Aviation-Related PM Issues so Important to Airport Operators?
10 What Tools are Available for Evaluating PM Emissions at Airports?
12 Chapter 4 Survey and Interview Findings
12 Survey
13 Interviews
15 Chapter 5 Composition and Physical Properties
of Particulate Matter From Aircraft Engines--
Knowledge and Gaps
15 Soot (Nonvolatile PM)--Knowledge
16 Knowledge Gaps
16 Volatile PM--Knowledge
17 Knowledge Gaps
19 Chapter 6 Particulate Matter from Other Airport Sources
19 Knowledge
19 Gaps
21 Chapter 7 Needed Research
22 Chapter 8 Proposed Research Agenda
and Problem Statements
23 Problem Statement 1
24 Problem Statement 2
25 Synthesis Report
26 Chapter 9 Literature Review and Bibliography
26 Literature Review
26 Bibliography
OCR for page R9
33 Glossary
A-1 Appendix A Airport Survey
B-1 Appendix B Researcher and Airport Interviews
C-1 Appendix C The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
List of Hazardous Air Pollutants
