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CHAPTER 9
Literature Review and Bibliography
Literature Review In addition to the publications that are of direct relevance,
there are several categories of publications that are of
The Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) database was used to peripheral relevance, including: reports on cabin air quality in
search the archival literature for publications relevant to the in-flight aircraft, toxicological studies of jet fuel and turbine
impact of airports on local air quality. Figure 3 is a record of the lubrication oil, particulate emissions of jet engines at altitude,
search terms used to interrogate the database. Web of Science physicochemical properties of gas turbine exhaust, and
can be interrogated using author, subject, source, address, and particulate emissions of laboratory burners that simulate gas
date terms. Most of the current search terms were of the subject turbine engines.
variety, but several author search terms were used. Shown here Characterization of the particulate and trace gas emissions
are searches for the author "Herndon" in "Billerica, MA." of in-flight jet aircraft has been the topic of many reports. The
Though not shown here, the author search terms "B.E. Ander- team obtained electronic copies of a representative sample of
son," "P. Whitefield," and "J. Froines" were also used to query these articles. Due to the influence that ambient conditions
the database. ARI is concurrently reviewing the available liter- (temperature, pressure, and relative humidity) and power
ature relevant to the airport-related contribution of hazardous condition (idle, taxi, approach, take-off, and cruise) are
air pollutants (HAPs) to the regional air shed. In addition to expected to exert on PM emissions, the relevance of articles
the articles identified in the PM-based search, the team's review devoted to describing measurements and analysis of particu-
of the HAPs-related literature uncovered several articles of rel- late emissions of jet engines at altitude to the current activity
evance to this activity. Of those deemed relevant, well over half may be small.
of them have been retrieved in electronic form. The remainder
was not readily available in electronic form at the time that this
report was written. Most of the articles that have been identi- Bibliography
fied as relevant but not yet retrieved are reports of air-quality This section includes the report bibliography organized by
studies published in the 1970s. Obtaining hard-copy versions primary topic. The last item is an annotated bibliography that
of these publications will be a future activity. includes miscellaneous PM references and deposition reports
Figure 4 summarizes the articles that have been retrieved to generally not found in searches of technical literature that
date and the total number that were identified. In this exhibit, were reviewed but not necessarily used for the findings of this
the literature is divided into subject categories. Articles that are report. They are included here for completeness.
directly relevant to the issue of airborne PM concentrations in
the vicinity of airports include reports on the measurement of · General Aviation: Airport Operation and Expansion,
PM emissions of on-wing gas turbine engines and ground ser- Social Costs, and Future Demands
vice equipment (GSE), studies on the use of emissions data and · Air Quality in Cabins of In-Flight Aircraft
dispersion models to predict the effect of airports on regional · Toxicology: Jet Fuel
air quality, and measurements of air quality at airports. · Toxicology: Lubrication Oils
Although GSE exhaust was not initially included in the search, · Toxicology: General
one article on this topic was identified and retrieved. Subse- · PM Measurements: On-Wing Gas Turbine Engines
quently, a directed search identified a second article describing · PM Measurements: Ground Service Equipment
GSE exhaust, but it has yet to be retrieved. · Soot Properties: Gas Turbine Engines
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Figure 3. Web of Science search term history.
· Soot Properties: Jet Fuel Combustion in ICE's and Other Brooker, P., Civil Aircraft Design Priorities: Air Quality? Climate Change?
Burners Noise? Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 110, No. 1110, 2006, p. 517.
Clarke, J. P. B., N. T. Ho, L. L. Ren, J. A. Brown, K. R. Elmer, K. O. Tong,
· Modeling Air Quality at Airports and in Their Vicinity
and J. K. Wat, Continuous Descent Approach: Design and Flight
· Measurements of PM in the Vicinity of Airports Test for Louisville International Airport. Journal of Aircraft,
· Annotated Bibliography Vol. 41, No. 5, 2004, p. 1054.
Karlaftis, M. G., K. G. Zografos, J. D. Papastavrou, and J. M. Charnes,
Methodological Framework for Air-Travel Demand Forecasting. Jour-
General Aviation: Airport Operation nal of Transportation Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2,1996, p. 96.
and Expansion, Social Costs, Lee, D. S., B. Brunner, A. Dopelheuer, R. S. Falk, R. M. Gardner, M.
Future Demand Lecht, M. Leech, D. H. Lister, and P. J. Newton, Aviation Emis-
sions: Present-Day and Future. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 11,
Bieger, T., A. Wittmer, and C. Laesser, What Is Driving the Continued No. 3,2002, p. 141.
Growth in Demand for Air Travel? Customer Value of Air Transport. Lee, H. C., and W. C. Wang, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2007, pp. 3136. for Aviation: Taiwan's Responses within the Global Framework.
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# Articles # Articles
Subject Category Retrieved Identified
PM in aircraft engine exhaust and ground 8 9
service equipment exhaust
Ambient air quality at airports: measurements 2 3
and exposure assessment
Impact of aviation on local or regional air 6 14
quality: models
Gas turbine lubrication oil, composition, 9 9
toxicology, break-down products
Gas turbine engine soot, general characteristics 4 4
Jet fuel: exposure and toxicology 4 4
Exposure studies of airport workers 3 3
Physicochemical characteristics of soot 6 7
particles generated by gas turbines
Measurements and impacts of emissions from 14 Many
in-flight aircraft
Cabin air quality 2 4
Figure 4. Articles identified and retrieved.
Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 1,2001, Lindgren, T., D. Norback, K. Andersson, and B. G. Dammstrom, Cabin
p. 195. Environment and Perception of Cabin Air Quality among Commer-
Lu, C. H. Y., Evaluation and Implications of Environmental Charges on cial Aircrew. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 71,
Commercial Flights. Transport Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2001, p. 377. No. 8, 2000, p. 774.
Mason, K. J., Observations of Fundamental Changes in the Demand for Rayman, R. B., Cabin Air Quality: An Overview. Aviation Space and En-
Aviation Services. Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 11, vironmental Medicine, Vol. 73, No. 3, 2002, p. 211.
No. 1, 2005, p. 19. Spengler, J. D., and D. G. Wilson, Air Quality in Aircraft. Proceedings of
May, M., and S. B. Hill, Questioning Airport Expansion: A Case Study the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E, Journal of Process
of Canberra International Airport. Journal of Transport Geography, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 217, No. E4, 2003, p. 323335.
Vol. 14, No. 6, 2006, p. 437.
Moriarty, P., and D. Honnery, Forecasting World Transport in the Year
2050. International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 35, No. 1-2, 2004, Toxicology: Jet Fuel
p. 151.
Morrell, P., and Lu, CH-Y, Social Costs of Aircraft Noise and Engine Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, J. Rossi, M. Y. V. Bekkedal, A. J. Bobb, and D.
Emissions: Case Study of Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport. In Trans- P. Arfsten, Biological and Health Effects of Exposure to Kerosene-
portation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Based Jet Fuels and Performance Additives. Journal of Toxicology
Board, No. 1703, Transportation Research Board of the National and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews, Vol. 6, No. 4,
Academies, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 3138. 2003, p. 357451.
Rayman, R. B., Passenger Safety, Health, and Comfort: A Review. Aviation Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, W. K. Alexander, A. F. Nordholm, C. L. Wilson,
Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 5, 1997, p. 432. J. Rossi, and D. R. Mattie, A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Se-
Rengaraju, V. R., and V. T. Arasan, Modeling for Air-Travel Demand. lected Hydrocarbon Fuels. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental
Journal of Transportation Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 3,1992, Health. Part B, Critical Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2001, p. 223.
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Rice, C., Restricting Use of Reverse Thrust as an Emissions Reduction Letters, Vol. 149, No. 1-3, 2004, p. 295.
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Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene Und Umweltmedizin, Vol. 201, No. 2,
124131. 1998, p. 135.
Air Quality in Cabins of In-Flight Aircraft Toxicology: Lubrication Oils
Dechow, M., H. Sohn, and J. Steinhanses, Concentrations of Selected Centers, P. W., Potential Neurotoxin Formation in Thermally De-
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35, No. 1-2,1997, p. 21. Vol. 66, No. 9, 1992, p. 679.
Lee, S. C., C. S. Poon, X. D. Li, and F. Luk, Indoor Air Quality Investiga- Kauffman, R. E., A. Feng, and K. R. Karasek, Coke Formation from
tion on Commercial Aircraft. Indoor Air, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1999, p. 180. Aircraft Turbine Engine Oils: Part I--Deposit Analysis and
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Kauffman, R. E., A. S. Feng, and K. R. Karasek, Coke Formation from Childers, J. W., C. L. Witherspoon, L. B. Smith, and J. D. Pleil, Real-
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Annotated Bibliography
Barbosa, et al., Air Monitoring Study at Los Angeles International Airport, LAX Master Plan--Technical Report Deposition Monitoring, Camp
South Coast Air Quality Management District, October 1999. Dresser & McKee, Inc., March 1998.
AQMD conducted a study to address concerns about the pol- Data collected at the six monitoring stations tend to eliminate
lutant levels to which LAX staff may be exposed. Although PM10 the airport as the major deposition source for the areas directly
24-hour measurement levels at LAX exceeded the South Coast adjacent to the airport; the deposition rate data implicate free-
Air Basin averages on most sampling days, these levels were still way traffic for high daytime concentrations; copper composition
below federal ambient PM10 standards for 24 hours. data indicate that a small fraction of the total deposition seen in
the daytime is potentially from aircraft breaking.
Barbosa, et al., Air Monitoring Study of Felton and Lloyd Schools, South
Coast Air Quality Management District, September 2001. Stolzenbach, et al., Measuring and Modeling of Atmospheric Deposition on
Santa Monica Bay and the Santa Monica Bay Watershed, Institute of
Studied VOC, carbonyls, carbon (organic and elemental), the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles, and Schiff,
and metals; school is in the prevailing wind trajectory of Los et al, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, September
Angeles International Airport (LAX); no impact of airport was 2001.
discernible.
Annual rate of atmospheric transport and deposition of trace
Eden, et al., Air Monitoring Study in the Area of Los Angeles International
metals to Santa Monica Bay is significant; most of the mass of
Airport, South Coast Air Quality Management District, April 2000.
metals deposited by dry deposition on Santa Monica Bay and its
watershed originates as relatively large (>10 microns) aerosols
Key compounds detected in the study are associated with mo-
from area sources (off-road vehicles and small businesses); for
bile sources; all key compounds are lower at residential sites than
metals the most important sources of emissions to the atmo-
at aviation and Felton School sites, which are influenced by emis-
sphere are nonpermitted area sources.
sions from major highways. Fallout samples depict greater abun-
dance of larger-than-PM10-sized combusted oil soot particles
than is observed at most other locations in the South Coast Basin. Suarez, et al., Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Monitoring During the Ft.
LauderdaleHollywood International Airport Air Runway Overlay
Goldman, Alan, Soot and Odor, KM Chng Environmental Inc. Project, Broward County Environmental Protection Department,
Air Quality Division, Ambient Monitoring Section, August 31
Summary of soot studies at several airports concluded that stud- October 21, 2004.
ies to date have shown that deposits have been made up of fungus,
minerals, and soil, particles from wood burning, particles from au- Concentrations of PM2.5 experienced at sampling site under
tomobile and diesel truck exhausts, or general urban contamina- the temporary flight path were higher than at sampling site under
tion. While there may be a very small contribution from aircraft ex- the normal flight path (unused during overlay project); however,
haust in the deposits in the neighborhoods, the deposits are almost the differences were consistent during normal operations, which
entirely made up of nonaircraft-related components. suggests that the differences are not dependent on the increased
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air traffic caused by the resurfacing of the primary runway at Master Plan Expansion Project EIS/EIR, Institute of Geophysics
FLL; changes in concentrations at the two sites mimicked each and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles; and
other, which may be indicative of the material contained in the Boyle, Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolu-
air mass over the broader area. tion, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1998.
Summary of Two Logan Soot Studies, KM Chng Environmental Inc., Fall Study commissioned to characterize aircraft emissions in the
1996. vicinity of Los Angeles International Airport; jet aircraft exhaust
apparently does not contribute significantly to the saturated
There were no ongoing chronic soot impacts from airport- hydrocarbons found in the atmospheric particles, soils, plant
related activity either for departing or arriving aircraft or from surface, and water samples evaluated from the area of potential
other Logan activity; there were no indications of raw jet fuel in effect; saturated hydrocarbons present in samples appear to be
the soot samples analyzed; the contribution of inorganic parti- comparably influenced by regional atmospheric deposition; with
cles from brake wear and tire wear drop off rapidly and are not the exception of vanadium, aerial deposition of trace metals and
observed in the nearby communities. boron is occurring in the El Segundo Dunes at levels that are con-
sistent with studies of other urban areas; concentrations of trace
Venkatesan, Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in Environ- elements in ambient PM10 were within expected valued for urban
mental Samples in support of Los Angeles International Airport 2015 locations.
