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Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports (2008)

Chapter: Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography

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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
×
Page 29
Page 30
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
×
Page 30
Page 31
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
×
Page 31
Page 32
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 9 - Literature Review and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
×
Page 32

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

26 Literature Review The Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) database was used to search the archival literature for publications relevant to the impact of airports on local air quality. Figure 3 is a record of the search terms used to interrogate the database. Web of Science can be interrogated using author, subject, source, address, and date terms. Most of the current search terms were of the subject variety, but several author search terms were used. Shown here are searches for the author “Herndon” in “Billerica, MA.” Though not shown here, the author search terms “B.E. Ander- son,” “P. Whitefield,” and “J. Froines” were also used to query the database. ARI is concurrently reviewing the available liter- ature relevant to the airport-related contribution of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) to the regional air shed. In addition to the articles identified in the PM-based search, the team’s review of the HAPs-related literature uncovered several articles of rel- evance to this activity. Of those deemed relevant, well over half of them have been retrieved in electronic form. The remainder was not readily available in electronic form at the time that this report was written. Most of the articles that have been identi- fied as relevant but not yet retrieved are reports of air-quality studies published in the 1970s. Obtaining hard-copy versions of these publications will be a future activity. Figure 4 summarizes the articles that have been retrieved to date and the total number that were identified. In this exhibit, the literature is divided into subject categories. Articles that are directly relevant to the issue of airborne PM concentrations in the vicinity of airports include reports on the measurement of PM emissions of on-wing gas turbine engines and ground ser- vice equipment (GSE), studies on the use of emissions data and dispersion models to predict the effect of airports on regional air quality, and measurements of air quality at airports. Although GSE exhaust was not initially included in the search, one article on this topic was identified and retrieved. Subse- quently, a directed search identified a second article describing GSE exhaust, but it has yet to be retrieved. In addition to the publications that are of direct relevance, there are several categories of publications that are of peripheral relevance, including: reports on cabin air quality in in-flight aircraft, toxicological studies of jet fuel and turbine lubrication oil, particulate emissions of jet engines at altitude, physicochemical properties of gas turbine exhaust, and particulate emissions of laboratory burners that simulate gas turbine engines. Characterization of the particulate and trace gas emissions of in-flight jet aircraft has been the topic of many reports. The team obtained electronic copies of a representative sample of these articles. Due to the influence that ambient conditions (temperature, pressure, and relative humidity) and power condition (idle, taxi, approach, take-off, and cruise) are expected to exert on PM emissions, the relevance of articles devoted to describing measurements and analysis of particu- late emissions of jet engines at altitude to the current activity may be small. Bibliography This section includes the report bibliography organized by primary topic. The last item is an annotated bibliography that includes miscellaneous PM references and deposition reports generally not found in searches of technical literature that were reviewed but not necessarily used for the findings of this report. They are included here for completeness. • General Aviation: Airport Operation and Expansion, Social Costs, and Future Demands • Air Quality in Cabins of In-Flight Aircraft • Toxicology: Jet Fuel • Toxicology: Lubrication Oils • Toxicology: General • PM Measurements: On-Wing Gas Turbine Engines • PM Measurements: Ground Service Equipment • Soot Properties: Gas Turbine Engines C H A P T E R 9 Literature Review and Bibliography

• Soot Properties: Jet Fuel Combustion in ICE’s and Other Burners • Modeling Air Quality at Airports and in Their Vicinity • Measurements of PM in the Vicinity of Airports • Annotated Bibliography General Aviation: Airport Operation and Expansion, Social Costs, Future Demand Bieger, T., A. Wittmer, and C. Laesser, What Is Driving the Continued Growth in Demand for Air Travel? Customer Value of Air Transport. Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2007, pp. 31–36. Brooker, P., Civil Aircraft Design Priorities: Air Quality? Climate Change? Noise? Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 110, No. 1110, 2006, p. 517. Clarke, J. P. B., N. T. Ho, L. L. Ren, J. A. Brown, K. R. Elmer, K. O. Tong, and J. K. Wat, Continuous Descent Approach: Design and Flight Test for Louisville International Airport. Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2004, p. 1054. Karlaftis, M. G., K. G. Zografos, J. D. Papastavrou, and J. M. Charnes, Methodological Framework for Air-Travel Demand Forecasting. Jour- nal of Transportation Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2,1996, p. 96. Lee, D. S., B. Brunner, A. Dopelheuer, R. S. Falk, R. M. Gardner, M. Lecht, M. Leech, D. H. Lister, and P. J. Newton, Aviation Emis- sions: Present-Day and Future. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 11, No. 3,2002, p. 141. Lee, H. C., and W. C. Wang, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options for Aviation: Taiwan’s Responses within the Global Framework. 27 Figure 3. Web of Science search term history.

Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 1,2001, p. 195. Lu, C. H. Y., Evaluation and Implications of Environmental Charges on Commercial Flights. Transport Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2001, p. 377. Mason, K. J., Observations of Fundamental Changes in the Demand for Aviation Services. Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2005, p. 19. May, M., and S. B. Hill, Questioning Airport Expansion: A Case Study of Canberra International Airport. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2006, p. 437. Moriarty, P., and D. Honnery, Forecasting World Transport in the Year 2050. International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 35, No. 1-2, 2004, p. 151. Morrell, P., and Lu, CH-Y, Social Costs of Aircraft Noise and Engine Emissions: Case Study of Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport. In Trans- portation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1703, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 31–38. Rayman, R. B., Passenger Safety, Health, and Comfort: A Review. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 5, 1997, p. 432. Rengaraju, V. R., and V. T. Arasan, Modeling for Air-Travel Demand. Journal of Transportation Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 3,1992, p. 371. Rice, C., Restricting Use of Reverse Thrust as an Emissions Reduction Strategy. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, No. 1788, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 124–131. Air Quality in Cabins of In-Flight Aircraft Dechow, M., H. Sohn, and J. Steinhanses, Concentrations of Selected Contaminants in Cabin Air of Airbus Aircrafts. Chemosphere, Vol. 35, No. 1-2,1997, p. 21. Lee, S. C., C. S. Poon, X. D. Li, and F. Luk, Indoor Air Quality Investiga- tion on Commercial Aircraft. Indoor Air, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1999, p. 180. Lindgren, T., D. Norback, K. Andersson, and B. G. Dammstrom, Cabin Environment and Perception of Cabin Air Quality among Commer- cial Aircrew. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 71, No. 8, 2000, p. 774. Rayman, R. B., Cabin Air Quality: An Overview. Aviation Space and En- vironmental Medicine, Vol. 73, No. 3, 2002, p. 211. Spengler, J. D., and D. G. Wilson, Air Quality in Aircraft. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E, Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 217, No. E4, 2003, p. 323–335. Toxicology: Jet Fuel Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, J. Rossi, M. Y. V. Bekkedal, A. J. Bobb, and D. P. Arfsten, Biological and Health Effects of Exposure to Kerosene- Based Jet Fuels and Performance Additives. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2003, p. 357–451. Ritchie, G. D., K. R. Still, W. K. Alexander, A. F. Nordholm, C. L. Wilson, J. Rossi, and D. R. Mattie, A Review of the Neurotoxicity Risk of Se- lected Hydrocarbon Fuels. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2001, p. 223. Tesseraux, I., Risk Factors of Jet Fuel Combustion Products. Toxicology Letters, Vol. 149, No. 1-3, 2004, p. 295. Tesseraux, I., B. Mach, and G. Koss, Aviation Fuels and Aircraft Emis- sions Risk Characterisation Based on Data of the Hamburg Airport. Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene Und Umweltmedizin, Vol. 201, No. 2, 1998, p. 135. Toxicology: Lubrication Oils Centers, P. W., Potential Neurotoxin Formation in Thermally De- graded Synthetic Ester Turbine Lubricants. Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 66, No. 9, 1992, p. 679. Kauffman, R. E., A. Feng, and K. R. Karasek, Coke Formation from Aircraft Turbine Engine Oils: Part I—Deposit Analysis and 28 Subject Category # Articles Retrieved # Articles Identified PM in aircraft engine exhaust and ground service equipment exhaust 8 9 Ambient air quality at airports: measurements and exposure assessment 2 3 Impact of aviation on local or regional air quality: models 6 14 Gas turbine lubrication oil, composition, toxicology, break-down products 9 9 Gas turbine engine soot, general characteristics 4 4 Jet fuel: exposure and toxicology 4 4 Exposure studies of airport workers 3 3 Physicochemical characteristics of soot particles generated by gas turbines 6 7 Measurements and impacts of emissions from in-flight aircraft 14 Many Cabin air quality 2 4 Figure 4. Articles identified and retrieved.

Development of Laboratory Oil Coking Test. Tribology Transac- tions, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2000, p. 823–830. Kauffman, R. E., A. S. Feng, and K. R. Karasek, Coke Formation from Aircraft Engine Oils: Part II—Effects of Oil Formulation and Surface Composition. Tribology Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2000, p. 677–681. Kohler, M., and N. V. Heeb, Characterization of Ageing Products of Ester-Based Synthetic Lubricants by Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and by Electrospray Ion- ization (Tandem) Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 926, No. 1, 2001, p. 161. Mackerer, C. R., M. L. Barth, A. J. Krueger, B. Chawla, and T. A. Roy, Comparison of Neurotoxic Effects and Potential Risks from Oral Administration or Ingestion of Tricresyl Phosphate and Jet Engine Oil Containing Tricresyl Phosphate. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, Vol. 57, No. 5,1999, p. 293. Rubey, W. A., R. C. Striebich, J. Bush, P. W. Centers, and R. L. Wright, Neurotoxin Formation from Pilot-Scale Incineration of Synthetic Ester Turbine Lubricants with a Triaryl Phosphate Additive. Archives of Toxicology, Vol. 70, No. 8, 1996, p. 508. van Netten, C., Multi-Elemental Analysis of Jet Engine Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids and Their Implication in Aircraft Air Quality Inci- dents. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 229, No. 1-2,1999, p. 125. van Netten, C., and V. Leung, Hydraulic Fluids and Jet Engine Oil: Py- rolysis and Aircraft Air Quality. Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2001, p. 181. Winder, C., and J. C. Balouet, The Toxicity of Commercial Jet Oils. En- vironmental Research, Vol. 89, No. 2, 2002, p. 146. Toxicology: General Cavallo, D., C. L. Ursini, G. Carelli, I. Iavicoli, A. Ciervo, B. Perniconi, B. Rondinone, M. Gismondi, and S. Iavicoli, Occupational Exposure in Airport Personnel: Characterization and Evaluation of Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects. Toxicology, Vol. 223, No. 1-2, 2006, p. 26. Iavicoli, I., G. Carelli, and A. Bergamaschi, Exposure Evaluation to Air- borne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Italian Airport. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 48, No. 8, 2006, p. 815. Pitarque, M., A. Creus, R. Marcos, J. A. Hughes, and D. Anderson, Ex- amination of Various Biomarkers Measuring Genotoxic Endpoints from Barcelona Airport Personnel. Mutation Research-Genetic Tox- icology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 440, No. 2, 1999, p. 195. Tunnicliffe, W. S., S. P. O’Hickey, T. J. Fletcher, J. F. Miles, P. S. Burge, and J. G. Ayres, Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Symptoms in a Population of Airport Workers. Occupational and Environ- mental Medicine, Vol. 56, No. 2,1999, p. 118. Visser, O., J. H. van Wijnen, and F. E. van Leeuwen, Incidence of Can- cer in the Area around Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1988-2003: A Population-Based Ecological Study. BMC Public Health, Vol. 5, (Dec. 2005), p. 127. Yang, C. Y., T. N. Wu, J. J. Wu, C. K. Ho, and P. Y. Chang, Adverse Res- piratory and Irritant Health Effects in Airport Workers in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, Vol. 66, No. 9, 2003, p. 799. PM Measurements: On-Wing Gas Turbine Engines Armendariz, A., D. Leith, M. Boundy, R. Goodman, L. Smith, and G. Carlton, Sampling and Analysis of Aircraft Engine Cold Start Particles and Demonstration of an Electrostatic Personal Particle Sampler. AIHA Journal, Vol. 64, No. 6, 2003, p. 777. Childers, J. W., C. L. Witherspoon, L. B. Smith, and J. D. Pleil, Real- Time and Integrated Measurement of Potential Human Exposure to Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Aircraft Exhaust. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 108, No. 9, 2000, p. 853. Herndon, S. C., T. B. Onasch, B. P. Frank, L. C. Marr, J. T. Jayne, M. R. Canagaratna, J. Grygas, T. Lanni, B. E. Anderson, D. Worsnop, and R. C. Miake-Lye, Particulate Emissions from In-Use Commercial Aircraft. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 39, No. 8, 2005, p. 799–809. Rogers, F., P. Arnott, B. Zielinska, J. Sagebiel, K. E. Kelly, D. Wagner, J. S. Lighty, and A. F. Sarofim, Real-Time Measurements of Jet Aircraft Engine Exhaust. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Associa- tion, Vol. 55, No. 5, 2005, p. 583. Schmid, O., D. E. Hagan, P. D. Whitefield, M. B. Trueblood, A. P. Rut- ter, H. V. Lilenfeld, Methodology for Particle Characterization of Ex- haust Flows of Gas Turbine Engines. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 38,2004, p. 1108. PM Measurements: Ground Service Equipment Chen, Y. C., W. J. Lee, S. N. Uang, S. H. Lee, and P. J. Tsai, Characteris- tics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from a UH-1H Helicopter Engine and Its Impact on the Ambient Environ- ment. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, No. 39, 2006, p. 7589. Chughtai, A. R., G. R. Williams, M. M. O. Atteya, N. J. Miller, and D. M. Smith, Carbonaceous Particle Hydration. 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Biswas, S., P. M. Fine, M. D. Geller, S. V. Hering, and C. Sioutas, Per- formance Evaluation of a Recently Developed Water-Based Con- densation Particle Counter.Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2005, p. 419. Carslaw, D. C., S. D. Beevers, K. Ropkins, and M. C. Bell, Detecting and Quantifying Aircraft and Other On-Airport Contributions to Am- bient Nitrogen Oxides in the Vicinity of a Large International Air- port. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, No. 28, 2006, p. 5424. Crecelius, H. J., and M. Sommerfeld, Air Quality Monitoring of Frank- furt Airport. Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung Der Luft, Vol. 65, No. 1-2, 2005, p. 49. Wai, K. M., and P. A. Tanner, Monitoring Long-Term Variation of Aerosol Composition: A Dual Particle-Size Approach Applied to Hong Kong. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2002, p. 275. Zhang, C. X., B. C. Huang, Z. Y. Li, and H. Liu, Magnetic Properties of High-Road-Side Pine Tree Leaves in Beijing and Their Environmen- tal Significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 24, 2006, p 3041. Zhang, Q., C. S. Zhao, X. X. Tie, Q. Wei, M. Y. Huang, G. H. Li, Z. M. Ying, and C. C. Li, Characterizations of Aerosols over the Beijing Region: A Case Study of Aircraft Measurements. Atmospheric En- vironment, Vol. 40, No. 24, 2006, p. 4513. Annotated Bibliography Barbosa, et al., Air Monitoring Study at Los Angeles International Airport, South Coast Air Quality Management District, October 1999. AQMD conducted a study to address concerns about the pol- lutant levels to which LAX staff may be exposed. Although PM10 24-hour measurement levels at LAX exceeded the South Coast Air Basin averages on most sampling days, these levels were still below federal ambient PM10 standards for 24 hours. Barbosa, et al., Air Monitoring Study of Felton and Lloyd Schools, South Coast Air Quality Management District, September 2001. Studied VOC, carbonyls, carbon (organic and elemental), and metals; school is in the prevailing wind trajectory of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX); no impact of airport was discernible. Eden, et al., Air Monitoring Study in the Area of Los Angeles International Airport, South Coast Air Quality Management District, April 2000. Key compounds detected in the study are associated with mo- bile sources; all key compounds are lower at residential sites than at aviation and Felton School sites, which are influenced by emis- sions from major highways. Fallout samples depict greater abun- dance of larger-than-PM10-sized combusted oil soot particles than is observed at most other locations in the South Coast Basin. Goldman, Alan, Soot and Odor, KM Chng Environmental Inc. Summary of soot studies at several airports concluded that stud- ies to date have shown that deposits have been made up of fungus, minerals, and soil, particles from wood burning, particles from au- tomobile and diesel truck exhausts, or general urban contamina- tion. While there may be a very small contribution from aircraft ex- haust in the deposits in the neighborhoods, the deposits are almost entirely made up of non–aircraft-related components. Hoffnagle, Community Impact of Aircraft Particle Emissions, TRC Envi- ronmental Corporation, Fall 1996. Chemical mass balance analysis of particles collected with de- position plates on Logan Airport (BOS) and in communities sur- rounding the airport; airport sources examined included engine swipes and tire wear/brake wear; materials from examined sources represented up to 8.5% of fallout collected on airport site; materi- als from community sites represented less than 0.3% of fallout. Inglewood Particulate Fallout Study Under and Near the Flight Path to Los Angeles International Airport, South Coast Air Quality Man- agement District, September 2000. Combusted oil soot particles were not present in abundance in the majority of samples collected during the study, but no con- clusions can be drawn from this finding due to the limited sam- pling period; the composition of the fallout is consistent with that typically found in other areas of the Basin; there is no discernible pattern of either carbon mass or total fallout mass under LAX’s flight path that would indicate a predominant influence from aircraft fallout; the concentration and growth of gasoline and diesel powered vehicle traffic in and around the airport is a con- cern from an emissions impact perspective. LAX Master Plan—Technical Report Deposition Monitoring, Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., March 1998. Data collected at the six monitoring stations tend to eliminate the airport as the major deposition source for the areas directly adjacent to the airport; the deposition rate data implicate free- way traffic for high daytime concentrations; copper composition data indicate that a small fraction of the total deposition seen in the daytime is potentially from aircraft breaking. Stolzenbach, et al., Measuring and Modeling of Atmospheric Deposition on Santa Monica Bay and the Santa Monica Bay Watershed, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles, and Schiff, et al, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, September 2001. Annual rate of atmospheric transport and deposition of trace metals to Santa Monica Bay is significant; most of the mass of metals deposited by dry deposition on Santa Monica Bay and its watershed originates as relatively large (>10 microns) aerosols from area sources (off-road vehicles and small businesses); for metals the most important sources of emissions to the atmo- sphere are nonpermitted area sources. Suarez, et al., Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Monitoring During the Ft. Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport Air Runway Overlay Project, Broward County Environmental Protection Department, Air Quality Division, Ambient Monitoring Section, August 31– October 21, 2004. Concentrations of PM2.5 experienced at sampling site under the temporary flight path were higher than at sampling site under the normal flight path (unused during overlay project); however, the differences were consistent during normal operations, which suggests that the differences are not dependent on the increased 31

air traffic caused by the resurfacing of the primary runway at FLL; changes in concentrations at the two sites mimicked each other, which may be indicative of the material contained in the air mass over the broader area. Summary of Two Logan Soot Studies, KM Chng Environmental Inc., Fall 1996. There were no ongoing chronic soot impacts from airport- related activity either for departing or arriving aircraft or from other Logan activity; there were no indications of raw jet fuel in the soot samples analyzed; the contribution of inorganic parti- cles from brake wear and tire wear drop off rapidly and are not observed in the nearby communities. Venkatesan, Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in Environ- mental Samples in support of Los Angeles International Airport 2015 Master Plan Expansion Project EIS/EIR, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles; and Boyle, Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolu- tion, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1998. Study commissioned to characterize aircraft emissions in the vicinity of Los Angeles International Airport; jet aircraft exhaust apparently does not contribute significantly to the saturated hydrocarbons found in the atmospheric particles, soils, plant surface, and water samples evaluated from the area of potential effect; saturated hydrocarbons present in samples appear to be comparably influenced by regional atmospheric deposition; with the exception of vanadium, aerial deposition of trace metals and boron is occurring in the El Segundo Dunes at levels that are con- sistent with studies of other urban areas; concentrations of trace elements in ambient PM10 were within expected valued for urban locations. 32

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged.

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