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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14160.
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TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2008 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 6 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subject Areas Aviation Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports Sandy Webb ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING GROUP, LLC Annapolis, MD I N A S S O C I A T I O N W I T H Philip D. Whitefield WHITEFIELD SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING Rolla, MO Richard C. Miake-Lye Michael T. Timko AERODYNE, INC. Billerica, MA Theodore G. Thrasher CSSI, INC. Washington, DC

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 6 Project 02-04 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN: 978-0-309-11739-5 Library of Congress Control Number 2008905365 © 2008 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 6 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Christine L. Gerencher, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications ACRP PROJECT 2-04 PANEL Field of Environment Mary L. Vigilante, Synergy Consultants, Inc., Seattle, WA (Chair) Keith L. Beasley, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA Anuj Bhargava, Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, CT Alison Bird, Federal Express Corporation, Mesa, AZ Elizabeth Leavitt, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport John R. Pehrson, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc., Irvine, CA Carl Ma, FAA Liaison Sabrina Johnson, EPA Liaison Tim A. Pohle, Air Transport Association of America Liaison Jessica Steinhilber, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Chowen Chou Wey, U.S. Department of the Army Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ACRP Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports provides guidance on the most important research needed by the airport community in the area of particulate emissions. This report examines the state of industry research on aviation- related particulate matter (PM) emissions and identifies knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged. These gaps and related research needs are then prioritized based on the ability of research in those areas to address airports’ needs for more thorough and accurate aviation-related PM emissions inventories. While the main purpose of this report is to identify key research areas important to the airport community for ACRP con- sideration, research communities at large will also benefit from this report’s comprehensive analysis of aviation PM emissions-related research needs. Domestic airports and the aviation-industry partners that rely on these airports must assure compliance with current particulate matter (PM) controls, as called for in existing environ- mental requirements and state implementation plans (SIPs) and in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In response to a U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) report released in February 2003 titled “Aviation and the Environment: Strategic Framework Needed to Address Challenges Posed by Aircraft Emissions” (GAO-03-252), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in consul- tation with the EPA and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is develop- ing a strategic framework for addressing emissions from aircraft-related PM sources, known as the Aircraft Emission Characterization (AEC) Roadmap. A foundational part of the AEC Roadmap is identifying needed research on aircraft PM emissions. However, from an airport operator’s perspective, PM emissions from aircraft is only one component of the overall airport PM emissions inventory. Specifically, the relative contributions of other sources of PM, including the ambient environment, diesel combustion processes, and non-combustion releases of PM (and its precursors) from other airport equip- ment and sources, are not explicitly known. This report subsequently builds on the knowledge gained from the AEC Roadmap process by evaluating all significant knowledge gaps that affect the airport community’s understanding of aviation-related PM emissions in their environ- ment, and prioritizes research needs to bridge those gaps based on their ability to assist air- ports in conducting more thorough airport PM emissions inventories. ACRP Report 6 concludes by identifying three suggested research projects for ACRP con- sideration, including detailed problem statements for submittal through the ACRP solici- tation process. These problem statements identify the highest priority research projects for airports relative to aviation-related PM emissions that are not included in other PM research programs. F O R E W O R D By Christine L. Gerencher Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Summary 1 Project Overview 2 Prioritized Research Agenda 4 Chapter 2 Background 5 Chapter 3 Primer on Particulate Matter Emissions from Aviation 5 What is PM? 5 How is PM Formed? 7 How Does PM Affect Health? 7 How is PM Regulated in the United States? 8 What are the Sources of PM at an Airport? 9 What are the Most Recent Aviation PM Research Efforts? 9 Why are Aviation-Related PM Issues so Important to Airport Operators? 10 What Tools are Available for Evaluating PM Emissions at Airports? 12 Chapter 4 Survey and Interview Findings 12 Survey 13 Interviews 15 Chapter 5 Composition and Physical Properties of Particulate Matter From Aircraft Engines— Knowledge and Gaps 15 Soot (Nonvolatile PM)—Knowledge 16 Knowledge Gaps 16 Volatile PM—Knowledge 17 Knowledge Gaps 19 Chapter 6 Particulate Matter from Other Airport Sources 19 Knowledge 19 Gaps 21 Chapter 7 Needed Research 22 Chapter 8 Proposed Research Agenda and Problem Statements 23 Problem Statement 1 24 Problem Statement 2 25 Synthesis Report 26 Chapter 9 Literature Review and Bibliography 26 Literature Review 26 Bibliography

33 Glossary A-1 Appendix A Airport Survey B-1 Appendix B Researcher and Airport Interviews C-1 Appendix C The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 List of Hazardous Air Pollutants

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged.

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