Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 7
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Aircraft and Airport-Related
Hazardous Air Pollutants:
Research Needs and Analysis
OCR for page R2
ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Independent Consultant VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
VICE CHAIR
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
MEMBERS John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
James Crites
DallasFort Worth International Airport
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Richard de Neufville Norfolk, VA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin C. Dolliole David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
UCG Associates Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia,
John K. Duval Charlottesville
Beverly Municipal Airport Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Steve Grossman
Oakland International Airport Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Tom Jensen Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
National Safe Skies Alliance Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Catherine M. Lang Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Federal Aviation Administration Technology, Atlanta
Gina Marie Lindsey Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Los Angeles World Airports
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Carolyn Motz
Hagerstown Regional Airport Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Richard Tucker Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Huntsville International Airport Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Sabrina Johnson C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Richard Marchi Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
Airports Council International--North America
Laura McKee EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Air Transport Association of America
Henry Ogrodzinski Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
National Association of State Aviation Officials Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
American Association of Airport Executives Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary,
Transportation Research Board
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Christopher W. Jenks Interior, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Nicole R. Nason, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
James Ray, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2008. *Membership as of May 2008.
OCR for page R3
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 7
Aircraft and Airport-Related
Hazardous Air Pollutants:
Research Needs and Analysis
Ezra Wood
Scott Herndon
Richard Miake-Lye
David Nelson
AERODYNE RESEARCH, INC.
Billerica, MA
Mara Seeley
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & ENGINEERING, INC.
Needham, MA
Subject Areas
Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2008
www.TRB.org
OCR for page R4
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 7
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 02-03
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN: 978-0-309-11745-6
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2008932420
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2008 Transportation Research Board
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative
Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- completeness of the project reporting.
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
OCR for page R6
COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 7
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Christine L. Gerencher, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
ACRP PROJECT 02-03 PANEL
Field of Environment
Renee L. Dowlin, Portland (OR) International Airport (Chair)
Alison Bird, Federal Express Corporation, Mesa, AZ
Brian Kim, Wyle Laboratories, Inc., Woodstock, GA
Robert P. Newman, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., Sparks, MD
Saleem Sattar, Transport Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Mary L. Vigilante, Synergy Consultants, Inc., Seattle, WA
Mohan Gupta, FAA Liaison
Marion Hoyer, EPA Liaison
Sabrina Johnson, EPA Liaison
Tim A. Pohle, Air Transport Association of America, Inc., Washington, DC
Jessica Steinhilber, Airports Council InternationalNorth America, Washington, DC
OCR for page R7
FOREWORD
By Christine L. Gerencher
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 7: Aircraft and Airport-Related Hazardous Air Pollutants: Research Needs and
Analysis provides guidance on the most important projects to the airport community for
ACRP consideration in the area of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). This report examines
the state of the latest research on aviation-related HAP emissions and identifies knowledge
gaps that existing research has not yet bridged. These gaps and related research needs are
then prioritized based on the ability of research in those areas to provide airports a better
understanding of the relationship of the type and amount of HAPs being emitted and their
impacts. While the main purpose of this report is to identify key research areas important
to the airport community for ACRP consideration, research communities at large will also
benefit from this report's comprehensive analysis of aviation-related HAP research needs.
Increasingly, airports and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are asked by vari-
ous agencies and communities surrounding airports to analyze the health impacts of air-
craft and other airport-related sources of air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), in National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and state-level documents. How-
ever, unlike criteria air pollutants, information on the emission, transformation, and trans-
port of aviation-related HAPs and their health impacts is extremely rudimentary. Without
a better understanding of aviation HAP emissions, airports are unable to develop accurate
inventories and are left with little guidance on how to provide their state and local con-
stituencies with the information they are increasingly demanding.
It became evident during the development of this report that there is a great deal of
research that needs to be done in this area, particularly to get more robust health impact
data on HAPs and to quantifying the emissions from the various sources in the airport envi-
ronment. The prioritization of research needs in this report, therefore, was based on the
contributions the airport community could provide to the field of aviation-related HAPs
analysis while giving the airport community critical pieces of information to assist them in
conducting more thorough and accurate HAP emissions inventories.
ACRP Report 7 concludes with identification of four suggested research projects for
ACRP consideration, including detailed problem statements for submittal through the
ACRP solicitation process. The research projects outlined in these statements provide a
blueprint to bridge those critical research gaps identified in the report, which will benefit
airports by improving the accuracy of information used in HAP emissions inventories.
OCR for page R8
CONTENTS
1 Summary
3 Section 1 Introduction
3 1.1 Report Motivation
3 1.2 Report Overview
3 1.3 Background Information on Hazardous Air Pollutants
4 1.4 Approach Used for Identifying Information Gaps Associated with
Airport-Related Hazardous Air Pollutants
5 1.5 Main Findings
7 1.6 Prioritized Research Agenda
9 Section 2 Integration of Emission Rates with Toxicology--
Prioritization of Airport Hazardous Air Pollutants
13 Section 3 Relative Contribution of Airport-Related Volatile
Organic Compound Emissions
15 3.1 Source Apportionment
19 Section 4 Health Effects of Aviation-Related Hazardous
Air Pollutants
19 4.1 Health Effects Associated with Aviation-Related Hazardous Air Pollutants
20 4.2 Evaluation of Chronic Health Effects for Aviation-Related Hazardous
Air Pollutants
24 4.3 Calculation of Risk-Based Concentrations for Chronic Health Effects
25 4.4 Evaluation of Acute Exposures for Aviation-Related HAPs
27 Section 5 Emission Factors and Activity Factors
27 5.1 Aircraft
34 5.2 Airport Operations
37 Section 6 Ambient Hazardous Air Pollutant Measurements
37 6.1 Hazardous Air Pollutants Concentrations Inside the Airport
37 6.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants Concentrations on Airport Grounds
37 6.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants Concentrations in Adjacent Neighborhoods
40 Section 7 Airport Dispersion Models and Predictions
40 7.1 Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System
42 Section 8 Crucial Knowledge Gaps
42 8.1 Emissions-Related Knowledge Gaps
43 8.2 Dispersion Models and the Atmospheric Evolution of Hazardous
Air Pollutants
43 8.3 Health Effects of Specific Hazardous Air Pollutants
OCR for page R9
45 Section 9 Problem Statements
45 9.1 Dependence of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Idling Aircraft
on Ambient Conditions
46 9.2 Characterization of Operational Thrust Levels
47 9.3 Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from General Aviation Aircraft
48 9.4 Identification of the Emission Sources Most Important to On-Airport
and Off-Airport Exposure
49 Section 10 References
53 Section 11 Example Search History (Using Web of Science
and Google Scholar)
55 Abbreviations and Acronyms
