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NCHRP Report 611: Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes, and Embankments (2009)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)

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Lam, Ignatius Po, Martin, Geoffrey R, Anderson, Donald G, Wang, Joseph N, Transportation Research Board. "7.1 Current Design Practice." NCHRP Report 611: Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes, and Embankments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

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Front Matter (R1-R10)
1.1 Overall Project Objectives, Approach, and Schedule (1-1)
1.2.1 Plans for Implementing the LRFD Design Methodology (2-3)
1.2.2 Overview of Conclusions from Initial Phase of Work (4-4)
1.2.3 Overview of Conclusions from Second Phase of Work (5-6)
1.2.4 Overview of Conclusions from Third Phase of Work (7-7)
1.3.1 Volume 1 - Final Project Report (8-8)
1.3.2 Volume 2 - Recommended Specifications, Commentaries, and Example Problems (9-9)
2.1 Earthquake Design Basis (10-10)
2.2 Literature Search (11-11)
2.2.1 Key References (12-13)
2.2.2 General Observations (14-14)
2.3 DOT, Vendor, and Consultant Contacts (15-16)
2.4 Conclusions (17-17)
3.1.1 Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls (18-20)
3.1.2 MSE Retaining Walls (21-21)
3.2.1 Seismic Considerations for Soil Slopes (22-22)
3.2.2 Seismic Considerations for Rock Slopes (23-23)
3.3 Buried Structures (24-24)
3.4 Conclusions (25-25)
4.1 Developments for Seismic Ground Motions (26-27)
4.2.1 Generalized Limit Equilibrium Analyses (28-28)
4.2.2 Wall Height-Dependent Seismic Coefficient (29-29)
4.3 Developments for Slopes and Embankments (30-30)
4.4.1 Analysis Procedures for TGD (31-32)
4.5 Summary (33-34)
5.1.1 Update to AASHTO Seismic Ground Motion Criteria (35-37)
5.1.2 Range of Ground Shaking Levels in the United States for Referenced Soft Rock (38-38)
5.1.3 Variation in Spectral Shapes for Soil and Rock Sites in WUS versus CEUS (39-40)
5.2.2 Description of Ground Motion Database (41-41)
5.2.4 Microsoft Access Database (42-42)
5.2.7 Newmark Sliding Block Displacement Correlations (43-45)
5.2.8 Comparison Between Correlations (46-47)
5.2.9 Confidence Level (48-48)
5.3 Correlation of PGV with S1 (49-53)
5.4 Conclusions (54-54)
6.1.1 Scattering Analyses for a Slope (55-62)
6.1.2 Scattering Analyses for Retaining Walls (63-65)
6.2 Conclusions (66-67)
7.1 Current Design Practice (68-70)
7.2.1 Seismic Active Earth Pressures (71-72)
7.2.2 Seismic Passive Earth Pressures (73-73)
7.3.2 Results of M-O Analyses for Soils with Cohesion (74-74)
7.3.3 Implication to Design (75-75)
7.5 Height-Dependent Seismic Design Coefficients (76-76)
7.5.1 Evaluation of Impedance Contrasts and Soil Behavior (77-78)
7.5.2 Results of Impedance Contrast and Nonlinearity Evaluations (79-80)
7.6 Displacement-Based Design for Gravity, Semi Gravity, and MSE Walls (81-81)
7.7 Conventional Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls - Recommended Design Method for External Stability (82-83)
7.8.2 MSE Walls - Design Method for External Stability (84-86)
7.8.3 MSE Walls - Design Method for Internal Stability (87-87)
7.9.1 Nongravity Cantilever Walls (88-90)
7.9.2 Anchored Walls (91-92)
7.9.3 Soil Nail Walls (93-93)
7.10 Conclusions (94-95)
8.1.1 Engineered Slopes and Embankments (96-96)
8.2.1 Limit Equilibrium Approach (97-98)
8.2.2 Displacement-Based Approach (99-99)
8.3 Proposed Design Methodology (100-100)
8.4.1 Problem Description (101-101)
8.5.1 Limit Equilibrium Design Methods (102-102)
8.5.3 Liquefaction Potential (103-103)
8.6 Conclusions (104-104)
9.2 Culvert/Pipe Characteristics (105-105)
9.3 General Effects of Earthquakes and Potential Failure Modes (106-106)
9.3.1 Ground Shaking (107-107)
9.4 Current Seismic Design Practice for Culverts or Other Buried Structures (108-108)
9.5.1 Ovaling of Circular Conduits (109-112)
9.5.2 Racking of Rectangular Conduits (113-114)
9.6.2 Model Assumptions and Results (115-128)
9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations (129-130)
10.2 Retaining Walls (131-131)
10.3 Slopes and Embankments (132-132)
10.5 Need for Confirming Methods (133-133)
References (134-136)
Appendices (137-137)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (138-138)