• Front Matter R1-R10

• 1.1 Overall Project Objectives, Approach, and Schedule 1-1

• 1.2.1 Plans for Implementing the LRFD Design Methodology 2-3

• 1.2.2 Overview of Conclusions from Initial Phase of Work 4-4

• 1.2.3 Overview of Conclusions from Second Phase of Work 5-6

• 1.2.4 Overview of Conclusions from Third Phase of Work 7-7

• 1.3.1 Volume 1 - Final Project Report 8-8

• 1.3.2 Volume 2 - Recommended Specifications, Commentaries, and Example Problems 9-9

• 2.1 Earthquake Design Basis 10-10

• 2.2 Literature Search 11-11

• 2.2.1 Key References 12-13

• 2.2.2 General Observations 14-14

• 2.3 DOT, Vendor, and Consultant Contacts 15-16

• 2.4 Conclusions 17-17

• 3.1.1 Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls 18-20

• 3.1.2 MSE Retaining Walls 21-21

• 3.2.1 Seismic Considerations for Soil Slopes 22-22

• 3.2.2 Seismic Considerations for Rock Slopes 23-23

• 3.3 Buried Structures 24-24

• 3.4 Conclusions 25-25

• 4.1 Developments for Seismic Ground Motions 26-27

• 4.2.1 Generalized Limit Equilibrium Analyses 28-28

• 4.2.2 Wall Height-Dependent Seismic Coefficient 29-29

• 4.3 Developments for Slopes and Embankments 30-30

• 4.4.1 Analysis Procedures for TGD 31-32

• 4.5 Summary 33-34

• 5.1.1 Update to AASHTO Seismic Ground Motion Criteria 35-37

• 5.1.2 Range of Ground Shaking Levels in the United States for Referenced Soft Rock 38-38

• 5.1.3 Variation in Spectral Shapes for Soil and Rock Sites in WUS versus CEUS 39-40

• 5.2.2 Description of Ground Motion Database 41-41

• 5.2.4 Microsoft Access Database 42-42

• 5.2.7 Newmark Sliding Block Displacement Correlations 43-45

• 5.2.8 Comparison Between Correlations 46-47

• 5.2.9 Confidence Level 48-48

• 5.3 Correlation of PGV with S1 49-53

• 5.4 Conclusions 54-54

• 6.1.1 Scattering Analyses for a Slope 55-62

• 6.1.2 Scattering Analyses for Retaining Walls 63-65

• 6.2 Conclusions 66-67

• 7.1 Current Design Practice 68-70

• 7.2.1 Seismic Active Earth Pressures 71-72

• 7.2.2 Seismic Passive Earth Pressures 73-73

• 7.3.2 Results of M-O Analyses for Soils with Cohesion 74-74

• 7.3.3 Implication to Design 75-75

• 7.5 Height-Dependent Seismic Design Coefficients 76-76

• 7.5.1 Evaluation of Impedance Contrasts and Soil Behavior 77-78

• 7.5.2 Results of Impedance Contrast and Nonlinearity Evaluations 79-80

• 7.6 Displacement-Based Design for Gravity, Semi Gravity, and MSE Walls 81-81

• 7.7 Conventional Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls - Recommended Design Method for External Stability 82-83

• 7.8.2 MSE Walls - Design Method for External Stability 84-86

• 7.8.3 MSE Walls - Design Method for Internal Stability 87-87

• 7.9.1 Nongravity Cantilever Walls 88-90

• 7.9.2 Anchored Walls 91-92

• 7.9.3 Soil Nail Walls 93-93

• 7.10 Conclusions 94-95

• 8.1.1 Engineered Slopes and Embankments 96-96

• 8.2.1 Limit Equilibrium Approach 97-98

• 8.2.2 Displacement-Based Approach 99-99

• 8.3 Proposed Design Methodology 100-100

• 8.4.1 Problem Description 101-101

• 8.5.1 Limit Equilibrium Design Methods 102-102

• 8.5.3 Liquefaction Potential 103-103

• 8.6 Conclusions 104-104

• 9.2 Culvert/Pipe Characteristics 105-105

• 9.3 General Effects of Earthquakes and Potential Failure Modes 106-106

• 9.3.1 Ground Shaking 107-107

• 9.4 Current Seismic Design Practice for Culverts or Other Buried Structures 108-108

• 9.5.1 Ovaling of Circular Conduits 109-112

• 9.5.2 Racking of Rectangular Conduits 113-114

• 9.6.2 Model Assumptions and Results 115-128

• 9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 129-130

• 10.2 Retaining Walls 131-131

• 10.3 Slopes and Embankments 132-132

• 10.5 Need for Confirming Methods 133-133

• References 134-136

• Appendices 137-137

• Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications 138-138

Lam, Ignatius Po, Martin, Geoffrey R, Anderson, Donald G, Wang, Joseph N, Transportation Research Board " 7.8.2 MSE Walls - Design Method for External Stability ." NCHRP Report 611: Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes, and Embankments . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009 .

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