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Chaudhary. (1998). Recommenda- tions for Highway Construction, Maintenance, and Service Equip- ment Warning Lights and Pavement Data Collection System Safety. Austin, Texas, Texas Transportation Institute. 23. CIE International Lighting Vocabulary, CIE Publication No. 17.4 (1987). 24. Allard, M. E. (1876). âMémoire sur lâIntensité et la Portée des Phares,â Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 62â73. 25. Ohno, Y., and D. Couzin. (2003). âModified Allard Method for Effective Intensity of Flashing Lights.â Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 2002 (Veszprém, Hungary) CIE 25: 23â28. 26. Blondel, A., and Rey, J. (1911). âOn the Perception of Lights of Short Duration at Heir Range Limits.â Transactions of the Illuminat- ing Engineering Society (London) 4: 557â562 and 613â615. 27. Douglas, C. A. (1957). âComputation of the Effective Intensity of Flashing Lights.â Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society (London) 52: 641â646. 28. Schmidt Clausen, H. J. (1957). âÃber das Wahrnehmen verschie- denartiger Lichtimpulse bei veränderlichen Umfeldleuchtdichten.â Dr. Ing. Thesis, Darmstadt. English translation available from: Commandant (DAT). U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. 20591. 29. Morgan, C. (2001). The Effectiveness of Retroreflective Tape on Heavy Trailers. NHTSA Technical Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 30. Society of Automotive Engineering (1986). Lighting and Marking of Industrial Equipment of HighwaysâSAE J99. 31. Society of Automotive Engineering (2002). Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Widthâ SAE J2040. References 1. Kamyab, A., and T. J. McDonald (2003). Synthesis of Best Practice for Increasing Protection and Visibility of Highway Maintenance Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2003 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium, Ames, Iowa. 2. Cox, J. J. (1971). âViewing of Railway Flashing Light Signals.â The Perception and Application of Flashing Lights, London, Adam Hilger Ltd. 3. Cole, B. L., and P. K. Hughes (1984). âField Trial of Attention and Search Conspicuity.â Human Factors 26(3): 299â313. 4. Shannon, C. E., and W. Weaver (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. London, University of Illinois Press. 5. Wickens, C. D., and J. G. Hollands (1999). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pren- tice Hall. 6. Dewar, R., and P. Olson (2001). Human Factors in Traffic Safety. Tucson, Arizona, Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Inc. 7. Holmes, J. G. (1971). âThe Language of Flashing Lights.â The Percep- tion and Application of Flashing Lights, London, Adam Hilger Ltd. 8. Roufs, J. A. (1971). âThreshold Perception of Flashes in Relation to Flicker.â The Perception and Application of Flashing Lights, London, Adam Hilger Ltd. 9. Cook, S., C. Quigley, and L. Clift. (2002). âMotor Vehicle Con- spicuity: Warning Beacons.â 48th GRE (Working Party on Lighting and Light-Signaling in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). 10. Brown, I. D., and C. B. Gibbs (1958). Flashing versus Steady Lights as Car Turning Signals: The Effects of Flash Frequency and Duration, Medical Research Council Applied Psychology Unit Report. 11. Gerathewohl, S. (1953). âConspicuity of Steady and Flashing Light Signals: Variation of Contrast.â Optical Society of America 43: 567â571. 12. Howard, J., and D. M. Finch (1960). Visual Characteristics of Flash- ing Roadway Hazard Warning Devices. 39th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C. 13. Cole, B. L., and B. Brown (1968). âSpecification of Road Traffic Signal Light Intensity.â Human Factors 10: 245â254. 14. Hanscom, F. N., and R. F. Pain (1990). NCHRP Report 337: Service Vehicle Lighting and Traffic Control Systems for Short-Term and Moving Operations. Washington, D.C., Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. 15. Foster, D. H. (1971). âSome Theoretical Aspects of an Apparent Motion Phenomenon Associated with Certain Configurations of Flashing Lights.â The Perception and Application of Flashing Lights, London, Adam Hilger Ltd.