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49 Voluntary Action Responsible beverage service (Shults, Elder, Sleet et al., 2001; Holder, Gruenewald, Ponicki et al., 2000) Parents guiding teen licensing (Simons-Morton, 2007) Laws, Regulations, Policies Ice cream vendor ordinance (Hale, Blomberg, and Preusser, 1978) Local primary seat belt laws (NHTSA, 2007b) Adult bike helmet laws (Ginsberg and Silverberg, 1994; Robinson, 1996; Scuffham, Alsop, Cryer et al., 2000) License renewal policies (Morrisey and Grabowski, 2005) for drivers 85 and older with in-person renewal License actions for underage alcohol violations (Ulmer, Ferguson, Williams et al. 2001) Laws Plus Enhancements Integrated enforcement (Jones, Joksch, and Lacey, 1995; Hingson, McGovern, Howland et al., 1996) Zero-tolerance enforcement (Jones and Lacey, 2001) Vendor compliance checks for age-21 enforcement (Stewart, 1999) Sustained seat belt enforcement (Hedlund, Preusser, and Shults, 2004; Glassbrenner, 2005) Sanctions and Treatments Increased belt use law penalties (Houston and Richardson, 2006) Simplifying and streamlining DUI statutes (no references but has obvious potential for producing a more effective and efficient DUI control system) A P P E N D I X C Countermeasures Likely to Work
