Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Voluntary Action Child bicycle helmet promotions: (Wood and Milne, 1988; Bergman, Rivara, Richards et al., 1990; Van Houten, Van Houten, and Malenfant, 2007). All studies based on high-quality community programs. Laws, Regulations, Policies BAC test refusal penalties: Produces fewer refusals (Zwicker, Hedlund, and Northrup, 2005), which may increase DUI convictions. Speed limits: Clear evidence that raised speed limits on high-speed roads increase fatalities; lowered speed lim- its reduce fatalities (TRB, 2006). Laws Plus Enhancements Saturation patrols for alcohol-impaired driving: Increase arrests (Greene, 2003; Century Council, 2003), although number estimates not available; no studies of effects on crashes. Preliminary breath test devices: Increase arrests to un- known extent; effect on crashes unclear (Century Coun- cil, 2003). Passive alcohol sensors: Increase arrests at checkpoints and possibly increase general deterrence (Kiger, Lestina, and Lund, 1993; Ferguson, Wells, and Lund, 1995); effects on crashes unclear. PI&E supporting enforcement of seat belt laws: Paid adver- tising increases belt use. Solomon, Ulmer, and Preusser (2002) found that belt use increased by 8.6% in states that used paid advertising extensively in their enforce- ment campaigns, 2.4% across four states that used lim- ited paid advertising, and 0.5% in states that used no paid advertising. Sanctions and Treatments Restrictions on plea bargains: Convictions are increased, recidivism may also be reduced (NTSB, 2000). No nu- merical estimates available. Court monitoring: Cases less likely to be dismissed, more likely to be guilty judgments (Shinar, 1992); more stud- ies needed to derive numerical estimates. Close monitoring of DUIs: There are many types, e.g., in- tensive supervision, home confinement with electronic monitoring, dedicated detention facilities, individual judicial oversight. Reductions in recidivism, numerical estimates not established (Voas and Tippetts, 1990; Lapham, Kapitual, Câde et al., 2006; Jones, Wiliszowski, and Lacey, 1996). Brief interventionsâalcohol: Reduces drinking and self- reported driving after drinking (DâOnofrio and Degutis, 2002; Moyer, Finney, Swearingen et al., 2002; Wilk, Jensen, and Havighurst, 1997); some evidence of crash reductions (Dill, Wells-Parker, and Soderstrom, 2004). License plate impoundment: Reduces recidivism; numerical estimates not established. Vehicle immobilization, vehicle impoundment: Reduces recidivism; numerical estimates not established (Voas, Tippetts, and Taylor, 1997, 1998; DeYoung, 1997, 1998). A P P E N D I X D Proven Countermeasures With No Crash or Injury Reduction Calculations 50
