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NATIONAL
NCHRP
REPORT 600B
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems
Collection B: Chapters 6,
22 (Tutorial 3), 23 (Updated)
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering,
Washington, DC
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
David Kelly, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Thomas J. Madison, Jr., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of September 2008.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 600B
Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems
Collection B: Chapters 6,
22 (Tutorial 3), 23 (Updated)
John L. Campbell
Christian M. Richard
BATTELLE
Seattle, WA
Jerry Graham
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Kansas City, MO
Subject Areas
Safety and Human Performance
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2008
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 600B
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 17-31
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-11751-7
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2008900429
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2008 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 600B
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Charles W. Niessner, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
Natalie Barnes, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 17-31 PANEL
Field of Traffic--Area of Safety
Thomas Hicks, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD (Chair)
Larry Christianson, Deja Program Development, McMinnville, OR
Maurice R. Masliah, iTRANS Consulting, Inc., Richmond Hill, ON
Joseph V. Mondillo, New York State DOT, Albany, NY
David K. Olson, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA
Wendel T. Ruff, ABMB Engineers, Inc., Jackson, MS
Leo Tasca, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON
Samuel C. Tignor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, McLean, VA
Thomas Granda, FHWA Liaison
Richard Pain, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Charles W. Niessner
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report contains guidelines that provide human factors principles and findings for
consideration by highway designers and traffic engineers. The guidelines allow the non-
expert in human factors to more effectively consider the roadway user's capabilities and
limitations in the design and operation of highway facilities.
The TRB, AASHTO, and the FHWA have been working since 2001 on two projects that
together will help to promote greater safety for all road users. These two projects are the
Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and the Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems (HFG).
These projects have been supported by funding from NCHRP and the FHWA. The TRB
supports the Highway Safety Manual through the HSM Task Force and the Human Factors
Guidelines for Road Systems through the Joint Subcommittee for the Development of a
Human Factors Guideline for Road Systems.
The HSM and HFG promote improved safety for highway users and complement each
other. They should be used together. Neither document is a substitute for national or state
standards such as AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets or the
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
The HSM provides highway engineers with a synthesis of validated highway research and
proven procedures for integrating safety into both new and improvement projects. It also
provides practitioners with enhanced analytic tools for predicting and measuring the suc-
cess of implemented safety countermeasures.
After using the HSM to develop possible design alternatives to improve safety on an in-
service or planned intersection or section of roadway, the practitioner may then use the
HFG to enhance the possible solutions. Successful highway safety depends on the consider-
ation and integration of three fundamental components--the roadway, the vehicle, and the
roadway user. Unfortunately, the information needs, limitations, and capabilities of road-
way users are lacking in many traditional resources used by practitioners. The easy-to-use
guidelines in the HFG provide the highway designer and traffic engineer with objective,
defensible human factors principles and information that can be used to support and jus-
tify design decisions. The HFG will allow the non-expert in human factors to recognize the
needs and limitations of the road user in a more effective manner and design roads that are
safer for all.
When reviewing either existing or planned roads or intersections, highway designers and
traffic engineers are strongly encouraged to use both the HFG and the HSM to identify and
develop the safest solutions for road users.
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NOTES ON PUBLICATION OF
HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ROAD SYSTEMS
Chapter 6, Tutorial 3 of Chapter 22, and an updated Chapter 23 are contained herein.
Chapters 1 through 5, 10, 11, 13, 22 (Tutorials 1 and 2), 23, and 26 were published previ-
ously as Collection A. Additional chapters will be developed under NCHRP Project 17-41
according to the priorities established by the project panel and are expected in late 2010.
One additional project will most likely be needed to complete the guidelines. The problem
statement for this final contract will be submitted to the AASHTO Standing Committee on
Research for consideration at its March 2009 meeting.
Chapter 3 (Finding Information Like a Road User) and Chapter 4 (Integrating Road User,
Highway Design, and Traffic Engineering Needs) are authored by Samuel Tignor, Thomas
Hicks, and Joseph Mondillo.
Chapter 5 (Sight Distance Guidelines) and Tutorials 1 and 2 in Chapter 22 (Tutorials)
present a revision of materials originally published as: Lerner, N., Llaneras, R., Smiley, A.,
and Hanscom, F. (2004). NCHRP Web-Only Document 70: Comprehensive Human Factors
Guidelines for Road Systems. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Chapter locations and publication dates.
Published
Chapter in Report Publication Date
1. Why Have Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems? 600A March 2008
2. How to Use this Document 600A March 2008
3. Finding Information Like a Road User 600A March 2008
4. Integrating Road User, Highway Design, and Traffic
600A March 2008
Engineering Needs
5. Sight Distance Guidelines 600A March 2008
6. Curves (Horizontal Alignment) 600B December 2008
7. Grades (Vertical Alignment) Forthcoming
8. Tangent Sections and Roadside (Cross Section) Forthcoming
9. Transition Zones Between Varying Road Designs Forthcoming
10. Non-Signalized Intersections 600A March 2008
11. Signalized Intersections 600A March 2008
12. Interchanges Forthcoming
13. Construction and Work Zones 600A March 2008
14. Rail-Highway Grade Crossings Forthcoming
15. Special Considerations for Urban Environments Forthcoming
16. Special Considerations for Rural Environments Forthcoming
17. Speed Perception, Speed Choice, and Speed Control Forthcoming
18. Signing Forthcoming
19. Variable Message Signs Forthcoming
20. Markings Forthcoming
21. Lighting Forthcoming
March, December
22. Tutorials 600A,B
2008
23. References 600B December 2008
24. Glossary Forthcoming
25. Index Forthcoming
26. Abbreviations 600A March 2008
27. Equations Forthcoming
All published chapters are available as individual PDF files and as a consolidated PDF file on the TRB website
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CONTENTS*
PA RT I Introduction
1-1 Chapter 1 Why Have Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems?
1-1 1.1 Purpose of Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems
1-1 1.2 Overview of the HFG
2-1 Chapter 2 How to Use this Document
2-1 2.1 Organization of the HFG
2-1 2.2 Scope and Limitations of the HFG
2-2 2.3 The Two-Page Format
2-4 2.4 Tutorials
2-5 2.5 Other Features
PA RT I I Bringing Road User Capabilities into Highway
Design and Traffic Engineering Practice
3-1 Chapter 3 Finding Information Like a Road User
3-1 3.1 Introduction
3-1 3.2 Road User as a Component of the Highway System
3-2 3.3 Example Problems of Highway Designers and Traffic Engineers
3-4 3.4 How Road Users Seek Information
3-5 3.5 Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
3-6 3.6 How Highway Designers and Traffic Engineers Work Together
for Road Users
4-1 Chapter 4 Integrating Road User, Highway Design,
and Traffic Engineering Needs
4-1 4.1 Introduction
4-1 4.2 Iterative Review Steps to Achieve Good Human Factor Applications
4-4 4.3 Use of Parts III and IV for Specifying Designs
4-6 4.4 Video and Animation Illustrations
* See "Notes on Publication of Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems" on facing page.
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P A R T I I I Human Factors Guidance for
Roadway Location Elements
5-1 Chapter 5 Sight Distance Guidelines
5-2 Key Components of Sight Distance
5-4 Determining Stopping Sight Distance
5-6 Determining Intersection Sight Distance
5-8 Determining When to Use Decision Sight Distance
5-10 Determining Passing Sight Distance
5-12 Influence of Speed on Sight Distance
5-14 Key References for Sight Distance Information
5-16 Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Specific Roadway Features
5-18 Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Intersections
6-1 Chapter 6 Curves (Horizontal Alignment)
6-2 Task Analysis of Curve Driving
6-4 The Influence of Perceptual Factors on Curve Driving
6-6 Speed Selection on Horizontal Curves
6-8 Countermeasures for Improving Steering and Vehicle Control Through Curves
6-10 Countermeasures to Improve Pavement Delineation
6-12 Signs on Horizontal Curves
7-1 Chapter 7 Grades (Vertical Alignment)
[Forthcoming]
8-1 Chapter 8 Tangent Sections and Roadside
(Cross Section)
[Forthcoming]
9-1 Chapter 9 Transition Zones Between Varying Road Designs
[Forthcoming]
10-1 Chapter 10 Non-Signalized Intersections
10-2 Acceptable Gap Distance
10-4 Factors Affecting Acceptable Gap
10-6 Sight Distance at Left-Skewed Intersections
10-8 Sight Distance at Right-Skewed Intersections
10-10 Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians
at Roundabouts
11-1 Chapter 11 Signalized Intersections
11-2 Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running
11-4 Restricting Right Turns on Red to Address Pedestrian Safety
11-6 Heuristics for Selecting the Yellow Timing Interval
11-8 Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians
at Signalized Intersections
12-1 Chapter 12 Interchanges
[Forthcoming]
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13-1 Chapter 13 Construction and Work Zones
13-2 Procedures to Ensure Proper Arrow Panel Visibility
13-4 Caution Mode Configuration for Arrow Panels
13-6 Changeable Message Signs
13-8 Sign Legibility
13-10 Determining Work Zone Speed Limits
14-1 Chapter 14 Rail-Highway Grade Crossings
[Forthcoming]
15-1 Chapter 15 Special Considerations for
Urban Environments
[Forthcoming]
16-1 Chapter 16 Special Considerations for Rural Environments
[Forthcoming]
17-1 Chapter 17 Speed Perception, Speed Choice,
and Speed Control
[Forthcoming]
P A R T I V Human Factors Guidance for
Traffic Engineering Elements
18-1 Chapter 18 Signing
[Forthcoming]
19-1 Chapter 19 Variable Message Signs
[Forthcoming]
20-1 Chapter 20 Markings
[Forthcoming]
21-1 Chapter 21 Lighting
[Forthcoming]
P A R T V Additional Information
22-1 Chapter 22 Tutorials
22-2 Tutorial 1: Real-World Driver Behavior Versus Design Models
22-9 Tutorial 2: Diagnosing Sight Distance Problems and Other Design Deficiencies
22-35 Tutorial 3: Detailed Task Analysis of Curve Driving
23-1 Chapter 23 References
24-1 Chapter 24 Glossary
[Forthcoming]
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25-1 Chapter 25 Index
[Forthcoming]
26-1 Chapter 26 Abbreviations
27-1 Chapter 27 Equations
[Forthcoming]
