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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 630
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Measuring Tire-Pavement
Noise at the Source
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Rosa Clausell Rountree, Consultant, Tyrone, GA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
Clifford C. Eby, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
David Kelly, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Sherry E. Little, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
Thomas J. Madison, Jr., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of January 2009.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 630
Measuring Tire-Pavement
Noise at the Source
Paul R. Donavan
Dana M. Lodico
ILLINGWORTH & RODKIN, INC.
Petaluma, CA
Subject Areas
Materials and Construction
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 630
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 1-44
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN: 978-0-309-11768-5
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2009900077
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2009 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
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Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 630
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Maria Sabin Crawford, Assistant Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 1-44 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Pavements
Matthew W. Mueller, Illinois DOT, Springfield, IL (Chair)
Randell H. "Randy" Iwasaki, California DOT, Sacramento, CA
German J. Claros, Texas DOT, Austin, TX
Larry Lockett, Alabama DOT, Montgomery, AL
David E. Newcomb, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Lanham, MD
John H. Roberts, American Concrete Pavement Association, Coxsackie, NY
Judith L. Rochat, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Cambridge, MA
Larry A. Scofield, American Concrete Pavement Association, Mesa, AZ (formerly with Arizona DOT)
Roger L. Wayson, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
Robert Orthmeyer, FHWA Liaison
Mark Swanlund, FHWA Liaison
Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported in this document was performed under NCHRP Project 1-44 by Illingworth &
Rodkin, Inc., Petaluma, California. Dr. Paul Donavan was the Principal Investigator. Ms. Dana Lodico of
Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., participated in the data acquisition and analysis and was the second author
of this report. Chris Peters also of Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., assisted in the fieldwork. The National Cen-
ter of Asphalt Technology, Auburn, Alabama, served as a subcontractor for this research.
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by MnDOT personnel at the MnRoads test facility in
Minnesota and the assistance provided by General Motors personnel at the GM Desert Proving Ground
test facility in Arizona during the test parameter investigation phase of this work. The authors also extend
their gratitude to Dr. James Cable of Iowa State University for his assistance in identifying test sites in
Iowa and coordinating the assistance provided by Mr. Bruce Rymer of Caltrans in coordinating test site
usage in the State of California.
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FOREWORD
By Amir N. Hanna
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report presents a suggested procedure for measuring tire-pavement noise at the source.
The procedure uses the on-board sound intensity (OBSI) method that was found to be the pre-
ferred approach for measuring tire-pavement noise at the source. Although the research pre-
sented in this report provided a basis for the recently introduced provisional Standard Test
Method for the Measurement of Tire/Pavement Noise Using the On-Board Sound Intensity
(OBSI) Method (AASHTO Designation TP076-08), the procedure includes some modifica-
tions to the provisional standard. The content of the report will be of immediate interest to state
engineers and others concerned with pavement design and construction and the noise impacts
on nearby communities.
Tire-pavement noise has become an increasingly important consideration for highway
agencies as the public consistently demands that highway traffic noise be mitigated.
Although sound walls provide a means for addressing highway noise, improved pavement
structures and surfaces may provide a competitive alternative for noise mitigation. How-
ever, there are no widely accepted procedures for measuring solely tire-pavement noise
under in-service conditions. Thus, research was needed to evaluate potential noise-measuring
procedures and identify or develop appropriate procedures applicable to light and heavy
vehicles and all paved surfaces.
Under NCHRP Project 1-44, "Measuring Tire-Pavement Noise at the Source," Illing-
worth and Rodkin, Inc., of Petaluma, California, worked with the objectives of (1) develop-
ing rational procedures for measuring tire-pavement noise and (2) demonstrating applica-
bility of the procedures through testing of in-service pavements. To accomplish these
objectives, the researchers (1) reviewed current practices, approaches, and methods used for
measuring tire-pavement noise in close proximity of the tire; (2) conducted tests to evalu-
ate candidate methods and select the most promising test method; (3) examined the pa-
rameters associated with the selected test method to identify appropriate parameter limits;
and (4) conducted measurements on in-service pavements to demonstrate applicability of
the selected method to different pavement types. Based on this review and analysis of test
results, the research suggested a procedure for measuring tire-pavement noise using the
sound-intensity method. The test procedure will be particularly useful to highway agencies
in considering noise issues because it provides an appropriate means for (1) measuring and
rating tire-pavement noise levels on existing pavements, (2) evaluating new pavements
incorporating noise-mitigating features, and (3) identifying design and construction fea-
tures associated with different noise levels.
Appendixes A through D contained in the research agency's final report provide detailed
information on the literature review, the experimental program, data analysis, and demon-
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stration testing of the suggested method. These appendixes are not published herein, but
are available online at http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=9956. These appendixes are
titled as follows:
Appendix A: Review of Literature
Appendix B: Test Evaluation of Candidate Methods and Recommendation for Test
Procedure Development
Appendix C: Results of Test Parameter Evaluation
Appendix D: Demonstration Testing of OBSI Procedure
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Research Objectives and Scope
3 Research Approach
4 Chapter 2 Literature Search
4 Description of the Review
5 Remarks on Test Procedure Development
7 Chapter 3 Evaluation of Alternative Test Methods
7 Overview of Evaluation Testing
7 Summary of the CPX and OBSI Test Results
9 Recommendation of an At-the-Source Measurement Method
11 Chapter 4 Evaluation of OBSI Test Parameters
11 Introduction
11 Description of Field Measurements
11 Parameters Evaluated
11 Measurement Sites
11 Measurement Protocol
12 Meteorological Conditions
12 Results of Parameter Investigation
12 Run-to-Run Repeatability of Baseline Condition
13 Test Tire (SRTT versus Dunlop)
14 Environmental Variables
14 Systematic Vehicle and Test Execution Variables
15 Test Vehicle
16 Fixture Configuration (Single Probe versus Dual Probe)
16 Data Quality Criteria
16 Recommendations on Parameter Limits
17 Chapter 5 Demonstration Testing of OBSI Procedure
17 Introduction
17 Description of Field Measurements
17 Measurement Sites
17 Measurement Protocol
18 Meteorological Conditions
19 Data Reduction and Analysis
19 Data Reduction
19 Data Analysis
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20 Results and Discussion
20 Normalized SPB and CPB Data versus OBSI
23 Prediction of SPB Data from OBSI Data
27 Test Tires
27 Summary
29 Chapter 6 Conclusions, Recommendations,
and Suggested Research
29 Conclusions
29 Recommendations
30 Test Procedure Implementation and Enhancement
30 Other Recommendations
30 Suggested Research
31 References
32 Attachment Proposed Method of Test for Measurement
of Tire-Pavement Noise Using the On-Board
Sound Intensity (OBSI) Method
36 Appendixes A, B, C, and D
