National Academies Press: OpenBook

Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery (2008)

Chapter: Annotated Bibliography

« Previous: Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 41
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 42
Page 43
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 43
Page 44
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 44
Page 45
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 45
Page 46
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 46
Page 47
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 47
Page 48
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 48
Page 49
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 49
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 50
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 51
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 52
Page 53
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 53
Page 54
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 54
Page 55
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 55
Page 56
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 56
Page 57
Suggested Citation:"Annotated Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14213.
×
Page 57

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

42 Andrews, S. and S. Geiger, Quantity Manager/GEI Administrator. Quantity commands are used to store and manage pay item information, quantity measurement formulas, and convert geo- metric measurements of an InRoads DTM feature to a quantity. Andrews, S. and S. Geiger, Moving to 2004 Edition and Future NYSCOD Standards Plans, 2004. Topics covered include standards and conventions (e.g., developing comprehensive standards and conventions for all engineering content, taking full advantage of latest software capabilities) and resources (e.g., developing and managing engineering resources for all applications). Annulis, H.M., C. Gaudet, and J.C. Carr, Opportunities for Change: The Geospatial Workforce Readiness Scorecard, 2005. Workforce readiness refers to the ability of a company to have the necessary institutional and managerial components to adapt to new workforce needs. For the geospatial indus- try, barriers and success factors related to workforce readi- ness are critically important, given the shortage of qualified geospatial employees within the industry. Using the re- search methodology from Jim Collins’ bestseller Good to Great, the University of Southern Mississippi’s Work- place Learning and Performance Center conducted a work- force readiness study to identify the barriers and success factors for workforce development for geospatial organiza- tions. The results of this study outline some of the criteria necessary for successful change readiness and have led to the development of the Geospatial Workforce Readiness Scorecard. Barbara, D., Mobile Computing and Databases—A Survey, 1999. The emergence of powerful portable computers, along with advances in wireless communication technologies, has made mobile computing a reality. Among the applications that are finding their way to the market of mobile computing— those that involve data management hold a prominent position. In the past few years, there has been a tremendous surge of research in the area of data management in mobile comput- ing. This research has produced interesting results in areas such as data dissemination over limited bandwidth channels, location-dependent querying of data, and advanced inter- faces for mobile computers. This paper is an effort to survey these techniques and to classify this research in a few broad areas. Barfield, W. and T.A. Dingus, Human Factors in Intelligent Transportation Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. erlbaum.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=28807ECF50FE49F0 837125BE640E681F&nm=Books&type=eCommerce& mod=CommerceProductCatalog&mid=CD22EA0F1189 49C09A932248C040F650&tier=3&id=2EA90C9131F5 4FEF93A4C13A44F2B7FD&itemid=0-8058-1434-5 [accessed Feb. 27, 2007]. The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Program is a cooperative effort by government, private industry, and aca- demia to apply advanced technology to the task of resolving the problems of surface transportation. The objective is to improve travel efficiency and mobility, enhance safety, con- serve energy, provide economic benefits, and protect the environment. The current demand for mobility has exceeded the available capacity of the roadway system. Because the highway system cannot be expanded, except in minor ways, the available capacity must be used more efficiently to han- dle the increased demand. ITS applies advanced information processing, communication, sensing, and computer control technologies to the problems of surface transportation. Con- siderable research and development efforts will be required to produce these new technologies and to convert technolo- gies developed in the defense and space programs to solve surface transportation problems. Bärthel, F. and J. Woxenius, “Developing Intermodal Trans- port for Small Flows over Short Distances,” Transporta- tion Planning and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2005, pp. 403–424. The purpose of this paper is to compare the capabilities of conventional European intermodal transport, with special reference to the competitiveness in markets with small flows over short distances, and to explore innovative concepts. Using a technological systems approach, key functions are identified as being the inducement and blocking mechanisms that affect the development and diffusion path of these small flows over short distances (SFSD) system, providing a tool for empirical delineation of the system. These concepts are illustrated and analyzed through a case study of the Swedish development project Light-combi. Baysden, C., “State Paid $152.6M More Than Contracted Amount for Roadwork,” Triangle Business Journal, Dec. 17, 2004. Raleigh road construction projects completed by contrac- tors for the North Carolina DOT over the past five years cost taxpayers $152.6 million more than the amount of the win- ning bids. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

43 Bebee, B.R., G.A. Mack, and I. Shafi, Distributed Meta- data Objects Using RDF [Online]. Available: http:// csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/wetice/1999/0365/00/ 03650325.pdf. This presents RDF representation of distributed Meta- data. In the context of information resources, metadata are data about resources. They describe the properties and attributes of an information resource. Operations on the metadata can be as important as operations on the resource content itself. The experimental application showed that a RDF representation is suitable for metadata management. All of the information of the C++ metadata object accessible by means of the CORBA interface was defined within the RDF representation. Begley, E.F., M.E. Palmer, and K.A. Reed, Semantic Mapping Between IAI ifcXML and FIATECH AEX Models for Cen- trifugal Pumps, National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2005. This report describes a semantic mapping between two extensible markup language (XML) specifications describing a single type of equipment that is used in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration (HVAC/R) and other types of systems (e.g., the centrifugal pump). Bellwood, T., UDDI Version 2.04 API Specification, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://uddi.org/pubs/Programmers API-V2.04-Published-20020719.htm. This document describes the programming interface and expected behaviors of all instances of the Universal Descrip- tion, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) registry. Bentley, NYSDOT’s Bentley Inspector/Stakeout Pilot Projects. The pilot objectives discussed are: integrating project’s engineering applications (by Bentley, Leica, and InfoTech); electronically linking the New York State DOT standards, policies, specifications, and engineering data; determining the required revisions to specifications, standards, and proce- dures; assisting in the testing and development; and deter- mining the policy and procedures. Bentley, “ProjectWise Integration Server Resource Center” [cited June 21, 2007] [Online]. Available: http://www. bentley.com/enUS/Products/ProjectWise+Integration+ Server/Resource+Center.h. This presentation highlights the challenges associated with managing, finding, and sharing information efficiently and pro- vides an introduction to information management tools, com- paring the benefits of an iPod and iTunes for managing music with the benefits of the ProjectWise system for managing CAD and geospatial content, project data, and office documents. Bentley, “Bentley OnSite: Stakeout,” 2007 [Online]. Avail- able from ftp://ftp2.bentley.com/dist/collateral/Web/Civil/ Bentley_OnSite_Stakeout.ppt. This is a PowerPoint presentation on Bentley OnSite, which is a software product that connects the “last mile” between the design office and the construction site. Botterell, A., Common Alerting Protocol, v. 1.0. 2004 [On- line]. Available: http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/ emergency/. This document is a Committee Specification of the Emer- gency Management Technical Committee. The Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) provides an open, non-proprietary digital message format for all types of alerts and notifications. Key benefits of CAP will include reduction of costs and opera- tional complexity by eliminating the need for multiple custom software interfaces to the many warning sources and dissemi- nation systems involved in all-hazard warning. An international working group of more than 130 emergency managers and information technology and telecommunications experts con- vened in 2001 and adopted the specific recommendations of the National Science and Technology Council report as a point of departure for the design of a CAP. Boyd, A., J. Caton, A. Singleton, P. Bromley, and C. Yorks, TCRP Report 86: Transportation Security Vol. 8: Conti- nuity of Operations Planning Guidelines for Transporta- tion Agencies, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2005, 86 pp. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the TCRP study conducted by TRB with the approval of the Governing Board of the NRC. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned was appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the NRC. Brown, C., P. Balepur, and P.L. Mokhtarian, “Communica- tion Chains: A Methodology for Assessing the Effects of the Internet on Communication and Travel,” Journal of Urban Technology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2005, pp. 71–98. The methodology proposed in this study offers a practical middle ground between no data and perfect data on causal linkages. Specifically, for a given Internet activity, it simply asks the respondent to identify its causal antecedent and its likely communication consequences by checking off the appropriate responses from a list. CAD Applications supported by NavisWorks [Online]. Available: http://www.s2solutions.biz/formats.html. The table provides an extensive list of the CAD applica- tions currently supported by NavisWorks, along with any

44 additional information that may be necessary to review files in NavisWorks. Caltrans, Caltrans Integration Study, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2003. This best practice review provides a summary of the financial information management practices of organizations similar to Caltrans. Caltrans, Caltrans Integration Study, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2004. This document, the Caltrans Integration Study Financial Systems Strategic Plan, represents the final deliverable of the Caltrans Integration Study. Captaris Incorporated, South Carolina DOT Deploys Paperless Procurement System with Captaris Workflow, Bellevue, Wash., 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. captaris.com/news_and_events/press_releases/print_04_ 18_ 2005.html. Captaris, Inc. (NASDAQ: CAPA), a leading provider of Business Information Delivery solutions, announced on April 18, 2005, that the South Carolina DOT Procurement Division has deployed Captaris Workflow to automate its procurement system and help reach its goal to become a paperless operation. Chappell, D. and L. Liu, “Web Services Brokered Notification 1.3,” 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ wsn/wsn-ws_topics-1.3-spec-os.pdf. The event-driven, or notification-based, interaction pattern is a commonly used pattern for inter-object communications. Examples exist in many domains; for example, in publish/ subscribe systems provided by Message Oriented Middle- ware vendors, or in system and device management domains. This notification pattern is increasingly being used in a web services context. Cheng, J. and K.H. Law, Using Process Specification Lan- guage for Project Information Exchange [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/psl_pie.pdf. There are many project scheduling and management pro- grams employed in the construction industry. Standards-based translation is one way to achieve interoperability. This study evaluates the applicability of the Process Specification Lan- guage (PSL) for exchanging project information among dif- ferent applications. PSL has been initiated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and is emerg- ing as a standard exchange language for process information in the manufacturing industry. In this paper, they explore how PSL can be extended for exchanging project informa- tion for construction applications. Cheng, J., M. Gruninger, R.D. Sriram, and K.H. Law, Process Specification Language for Project Scheduling Information Exchange, 2003. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly intro- duces PSL and discusses the motivation and the major compo- nents of PSL. Mapping the concepts between PSL and project management applications is discussed in Section 3. Section 4 describes the parser and the wrappers developed for the ex- change of project scheduling information using PSL. Section 5 discusses the potential use of PSL for consistency checking using a logic-based reasoning tool. Examples on information exchange and consistency checking are given in Section 6 to demonstrate the current prototype environment. Finally, Sec- tion 7 summarizes the results described in this paper. Cheng, J. and K.H. Law, Using Process Specification Language for Project Information Exchange, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Stanford Univer- sity, Stanford, Calif. This study evaluates the applicability of the PSL for exchanging project information among different applica- tions. PSL has been initiated by NIST and is emerging as a standard exchange language for process information in the manufacturing industry. In this paper, they explore how PSL can be extended for exchanging project information for con- struction applications. Cheng, J., M. Gruninger, R.D. Sriram, and K.H. Law, Process Specification Language for Project Scheduling Informa- tion Exchange, (4), 2003 [Online]. Available: http://www. mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/psl_pie.pdf. Many project scheduling and management software systems are being employed in the construction industry. Standards-based translation is one way to achieve interoper- ability. This study discusses the applicability of the PSL for exchanging project scheduling information among different applications. PSL was initiated by NIST and is emerging as a standard exchange language for process information in the manufacturing industry. This paper explores how PSL can be used for exchanging project scheduling information among software programs in project management. Further- more, it investigates how PSL could be utilized to reason about potential conflicts and to perform consistency check- ing on project scheduling information. Chisholm, G., Transit Cooperative Research Program, Mitretek Systems and TransTech Management Inc., Washington, D.C., 2002. This report includes a clarification of supply-chain terms, discussion of the impact of asset management decisions on parts and inventory management needs, and strategies for streamlining the supply chain. Non-transit fleets with practices identified for emulation include utility fleets, a state DOT

45 fleet, private-sector motor carriers, and the U.S. military. This report may be used by senior managers, operations man- agers, materials managers, asset managers, inventory profes- sionals, and procurement officers. Chisholm, G., E-Transit: Electronic Business Strategies for Public Transportation. Vol. 2: Application Service Provider Implementation Guidelines, Mitretek Systems and Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002. Application Service Provider Implementation Guide- lines presents the results of an investigation into the use of application service providers (ASPs) and thin client com- puting technologies by transit agencies. The characteristics and market position of ASPs were investigated, and the strengths and weaknesses of this computing service model were identified. A similar investigation of thin client com- puting was conducted and reported in this volume. This report may be used by senior managers, operations man- agers, maintenance managers, customer service managers, and schedulers. Clëment, L., UDDI Version 2.01 Operator’s Specification, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://uddi.org/pubs/Operators- V2.01-Published-20020719.htm. This document describes the behavior and operational parameters required of all UDDI Node Operators. Clëment, L., UDDI Version 2.03 Replication Specification, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://uddi.org/pubs/Replication- V2.03-Published-20020719.htm. This document describes the data replication process and programmatic interface required to achieve complete data replication between UDDI Operators. Clëment, L., Trns-port Module Support Status, 2006. The Warranty Reporting Period end dates shown earlier do not apply to errors in previously working functionality. Beginning with the June 2005 releases, errors in previously working functionality (except those resulting from technol- ogy upgrades) are warranted for as long as the release is supported, up to a maximum of 24 months. Clëment, L., Trns-port Transportation Software Manage- ment Solution, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Gainesville, Fla., 2006. The client/server Trns-port modules have a multitiered architecture. Each module uses one or more types of server that can be deployed in many different configurations. There are performance and server availability factors that should be considered when planning an agency’s server configuration. This section describes the server types, server requirements, configuration options, and example configurations. Clëment, L., Introduction to Next Generation Trns-port and Agile Methodology, 2007. The priorities give the Information Technology team an obtainable goal for each sprint. The result is a better, higher- quality solution. The agile methodology is an ongoing part of the future maintenance and enhancement of Trns-port prod- ucts, and as such should enhance future testing and develop- ment to meet the needs of the customers. Clëment, L., Next Generation Trns-port Preconstruction Progress, 2007. Clëment, L., Trns-port Platform Component Status by Year, 2007. Committee Research Problem Statements [Online]. Available: http://gulliver.trb.org/committees/rps2005/AFB30.pdf. An important function of the TRB is to stimulate research that addresses problems facing the transportation commu- nity. In support of this function, TRB technical committees identify problems and develop and disseminate research problem statements for use by practitioners, researchers, and others. “Connecting Surveyors, Designers, Inspectors, and Contrac- tors,” BE Magazine. For the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), the transition to Bentley’s 3D methodology not only represented a milestone in design/engineering automa- tion, but also led to a complete reevaluation of the process NYSDOT had been using to create project data—from 2D drawing production to 3D feature-based modeling. Conroy, P., Institutional, Organizational and Market Aspects of Successful ITS Deployment: A Case Study Analysis, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley, 2003. This research continues a previous study to explore key aspects of successful intelligent transportation systems (ITS) deployment within existing institutional, organizational, and market environments. The researcher developed three addi- tional case studies of successful ITS deployment in the United States and Europe, and revisited one case from the previous work. Results from literature searches and surveys were analyzed, and findings on institutional, organizational, and market factors are presented. Conroy, P., H. Benouar, and J.-L. Ygnace, ITS Deployment: Global Thinking and Local Action—A Case Study, Univer- sity of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, 2003. This paper explores institutional and organizational fac- tors related to deployment of ITS. The researchers conducted

46 a comprehensive Internet/literature search on the status of ITS programs in Europe and the United States, interviewed principals involved in ITS deployment both at the policy and project levels and from the public and private sectors, and developed four case studies of successful ITS deploy- ment. Results from the Internet/literature search and responses from the survey and interviews were analyzed to identify critical institutional and organizational factors for successful deployment and operation of ITS systems and services. The methodology allowed for both a top-down (programs and policies) and bottom-up (project experiences) review and analysis. Cruikshank, D., Web CGM 2.0, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.oasisopen.org/committees/download.php/ 15701/WebCGM-v2.0.pdf. This is a 200-page document that gives introduction of the Web CGM and the concepts related and some new concepts such as the XML companion file and the DOM Document Object Model, and their relationship with the Web CGM Profile. Cruikshank, D., WebCGM Version 2.0, 2007 [Online]. Avail- able: http://docs.oasis-open.org/webcgm/v2.0/OS/webcgm- v2.0.pdf. WebCGM is a set of specifications targeted especially at the effective application of the ISO CGM:1999 standard to representation of two-dimensional (2D) graphical content within Web documents. Danzy, G.B., ProjectWise Collaboration Update. ProjectWise Web Explorer Lite is a feature of Project- Wise that allows web access to a ProjectWise System. Dayhuff Group and Ohio Department of Transportation Dis- trict 2 Office, PS&E and Pre-Bid Design Specification and Requirements Document, The Dayhuff Group, Worthing- ton, Ohio, 2001 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state. oh.us/dist2/DocImaging/Workflow/dotfs.pdf. This document is intended to overview the application requirements and provide a framework and roadmap for the final application(s), system, and implementation specifica- tions for Phase I. This is a “living” document and is subject to user and provider review and modification. Decker, S. and S. Melnik, The Semantic Web: The Roles of XML and RDF, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://csdl. computer.org/dl/mags/ic/2000/05/w5063.pdf. XML and RDF are the current standards for establishing semantic interoperability on the Web, but XML addresses only document structure. RDF better facilitates interopera- tion because it provides a data model that can be extended to address sophisticated ontology representation techniques. Decker, S., P. Mitra, and S. Melnik, Framework for the Semantic Web: An RDF Tutorial, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/mags/ic/2000/06/w6068.pdf. RDF tutorial with its built-in notion of resources and relationship between resources, RDF aims to fulfill the promise to populate the Web with machine-processable information. The simplicity of the RDF data model makes representing data straightforward, and more sophisticated representation languages such as the Unified Modeling Language and Description Logics can be defined along with RDF. DeMartini, T., A. Nadalin, C. Kaler, R. Monzillo, and P. Hallam-Baker, Web Services Security Rights Expression Language (REL) Token Profile, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-rel-token-profile- 1.0.pdf. This document describes how to use ISO/IEC 21000-5 Rights Expressions with the Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security [WS-Security] specification. Diewald, W., “New TRB Special Report: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies,” TR News, No. 229, 2003, pp. 27–30. The study did not measure the shortfalls of labor force supply; however, the committee examined strategies and made recommendations for transportation agencies to alter human resources activities—specifically, recruitment, train- ing, retention, and succession management—to meet emerg- ing workforce challenges and to adjust to the labor market. The study also addressed the leadership role of the federal government in this area. Dingley, A. and P. Shabajee, Use of RDF for Content Re- purposing on the ARKive Project [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/icalt/2001/1013/0 0/10130199.pdf. This paper reports on prototype systems to provide an infrastructure for the dynamic and flexible repurposing of multimedia resources held in a large database. The database, called ARKive, holds film, stills, audio, and text about glob- ally endangered and native U.K. animal and plant species as well as their habitats. It aims to offer a wide range of users customized access to both the core multimedia data and full integration of core data with external educational resources. Aspects covered in the paper include designing for repurpos- ing with respect to specific audiences, storage, and querying using RDF, XSL, SMIL, and related technologies. The ad- vantages of the approaches taken are discussed and key issues are highlighted. Dubray, J.-J., S. St Amand, and M.J. Martin, ebXML Business Process Specification Schema Technical Specification

47 Appendices v2.0.4, 2006 [Online]. Available: docs. oasis- open.org/ebxml-bp/2.0.4/OS/spec/ebxmlbp-v2.0.4-Spec- os-Appendices-en.pdf. This document has appendices for OASIS Standard and an introduction of the appendices such as business service interface, manual or implicit business transactions, and han- dling recursive and optional activities. Dubray, J.-J., S. St Amand, and M.J. Martin, ebXML Business Process Specification Schema Technical Specifi- cation v2.0.4, 2006 [Online]. Available: docs.oasis-open. org/ebxml-bp/2.0.4/OS/spec/ebxmlbp-v2.0.4-Spec-os- en.pdf. This document defines a standards-based business process foundation that promotes the 45 automation and pre- dictable exchange of Business Collaboration definitions using XML. Durusau, P., Open Document Format for Office Applications, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/ v1.1/OS/OpenDocument-v1.1.pdf. This is the specification of the Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) format, an open, XML-based file format for office applications, based on OpenOffice.org XML [OOo]. Durusau, P., Reference Model for Service Oriented Architec- ture, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ soa-rm/v1.0/soa-rm.pdf. This Reference Model for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an abstract framework for understanding signifi- cant entities and relationships between them within a service-oriented environment, and for the development of consistent standards or specifications supporting that envi- ronment. It is based on unifying concepts of SOA and may be used by architects developing specific service-oriented architectures or in training and explaining SOA. A reference model is not directly tied to any standards, technologies, or other concrete implementation details. It does seek to pro- vide common semantics that can be used unambiguously across and between different implementations. The relation- ship between the reference model and particular architec- tures, technologies, and other aspects of SOA is illustrated in Figure 1. Although service orientation may be a popular concept found in a broad variety of applications, this refer- ence model focuses on the field of software architecture. The concepts and relationships described may apply to other service environments; however, this specification makes no attempt to completely account for use outside of the soft- ware domain. Eisenhart, M. and P. Bercich, Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Specifications, Department of Transportation State of Wyoming, Cheyenne, 2006. Eklund, P., OntoRama: Browsing RDF Ontologies Using a Hyperbolic-Style Browser, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/cw/2002/1862/00/ 18620405.pdf. This paper presents a Java-based hyperbolic-style browser designed to render RDF files as structured ontologi- cal maps. The program was motivated by the need to browse the content of a web-accessible ontology server: WEBKB-2. The ontology server contains descriptions of more than 74,500 object types derived from the WORDNET 1.7 lexical database and can be accessed using RDF syntax. Such a structure creates complications for hyperbolic-style displays. In WEBKB-2 there are 140 stable ontology link types and a hyperbolic display needs to filter and iconify the view so different link relations can be distinguished in multilink views. The browsing tool, ONTORAMA, is therefore moti- vated by two possibly interfering aims: (1) to display up to 10 times the number of nodes in a hyperbolic-style view rather than using a conventional graphics display; (2), to render the ontology with multiple links comprehensible in that view. Enterprise Resource Planning, Enterprise Resource Planning System [Online]. Available: http://www.durhamnc.gov/ departments/bms/05cip/VI-pro.pdf. This project includes the acquisition and implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system that will replace the current financial accounting and reporting, utility billing, and human resources systems. The ERP system will be a fully integrated application that will support a wide range of business functions working from centralized information. It will provide a comprehensive management information solution that will simplify reporting and analysis. The project also includes the automation and standardization of business practices as a primary component of system implementation. Fallon, K.K. and M.E. Palmer, Capital Facilities Information Handover Guide, National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2006. All developed nations invest a substantial portion of their gross domestic product in capital facilities—their planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and decommissioning. There is increasing pressure on the global capital facilities industry to perform more efficiently. Since the late 1990s, a number of studies have addressed this issue and provided analyses and recommendations. Fallon, K.K. and M.E. Palmer, Capital Facilities Informa- tion Handover Guide, Part 1, National Institute of Stan- dards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2006. This guide is designed to address the first two challenges. It defines a methodology for defining the information require- ments for the full facility life cycle and then developing and implementing an information handover plan for a specific capital facility project.

48 FIATECH, FIATECH Interoperability Projects Status Roadmap (2005–2006), 2006. Fiscal Survey of States: National Governors Association, National Association of State Budget Officers and Na- tional Governors Association, Washington, D.C., 2006. The Fiscal Survey of States is published twice annually by the National Association of State Budget Officers and the National Governors Association. The series was started in 1979. The survey presents aggregate and individual data on the states’ general fund receipts, expenditures, and balances. Fornes, D., Accelerating Interoperability in Capital Projects, 2007 [Online]. Available: http://enr.construction.com/ people/blogs/fornes/070507.asp. Accelerated Deployment of ISO 15926 (ADI) is a collab- orative effort led by FIATECH to establish a universal plat- form for improving the interoperability in the life cycle of capital projects and facilities. Fujiia, S. and T. Gärling, “Application of Attitude Theory for Improved Predictive Accuracy of Stated Preference Meth- ods in Travel Demand Analysis,” Transport Research A: Policy & Practice, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2003, pp. 382–402. The objective of this paper is to outline an alternative con- ceptual framework for travel demand analysis that draws on attitude theory from social psychology. In line with this the- ory, stated choices are interpreted as behavioral intentions. The theory then explains why behavioral intention some- times deviates from actual behavior. In an empirical demon- stration using panel data obtained from commuters (n = 903) before and after the opening of a new subway line in Kyoto, Japan, support is obtained for several predictions about why behavioral intentions are, or are not, implemented. Gallaher, M.P., A.C. Connor, J.L. Dettbarn, Jr., and L.T. Gilday, AASHTOWare Standards & Guidelines Notebook, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2004. The Special Committee on Joint Development formed the Technical & Application Architecture Task Force to provide standards and technical guidance for the development of AASHTOWare software products. The purpose of these standards and guidelines was and is to maximize the return on investment, improve the quality, and increase the useful- ness of the products. Gallaher, M.P., A.C. O’Connor, J.L. Dettbarn, Jr., and L.T. Gilday, Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2004. This study includes design, engineering, facilities manage- ment, and business processes software systems and redundant paper records management across all facility life-cycle phases. Based on interviews and survey responses, $15.8 bil- lion in annual interoperability costs were quantified for the capital facilities industry in 2002. Of these costs, two-thirds are borne by owners and operators, which incur most of these costs during ongoing facility operation and maintenance. In addition to the costs quantified, respondents indicated that there were additional significant inefficiency and lost oppor- tunity costs associated with interoperability problems that were beyond the scope of this analysis. Thus, the $15.8 bil- lion cost estimate developed in this study was probably a conservative figure. Gärling, T., R. Gillholm, and A. Gärling, “Reintroducing Attitude Theory in Travel Behavior Research: The Valid- ity of an Interactive Interview Procedure to Predict Car Use,” Transportation (the Netherlands), Vol. 25, No. 2, 1998, pp. 129–146. A methodological challenge is to develop methods that satisfy the need in transport planning of accurately forecast- ing travel behavior. Drawing on a review of the current state of attitude theory, it is argued that successfully forecasting travel behavior relies on a distinction between planned, habit- ual, and impulsive travel. Empirical illustrations are provided in the form of stated-response data from two experiments investigating the validity of an interactive interview proce- dure to predict household car use for different types of trips, either before or after participants were required to reduce use. Geiger, S., Unlocking Design Data, New York State Depart- ment of Transportation, Albany, N.Y. Geyer, C., OASIS Forms CGM Member Section to Advanced WebCGM Graphics Standard, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://www.oasisopen.org/news/oasis_news_08_04_04.pdf. An aggressive agenda built around advanced develop- ment and interoperability of the Web CGM Standard. Web CGM is developed to accelerate the adoption, application, and implementation of the Computer Graphics Metaphile for the open interchange of structural graphical objects and their attributes that provides a reliable method of publishing 2D technical graphics on the web. Global Collaboration on Construction R&D Strategies, June 15–16, 2005. This report provides a record of the summit event that took place in Helsinki in June 2005. The background for the event and the study that preceded it are initially presented and then the content of the summit is briefly described, allowing the reader to refer to the annex for fuller detail of the presentations and group work that took place. Godik, S. and T. Moses, eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) Errata 001, 2003 [Online].

49 Available: http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xacml/ repository/errata-001.pdf. This document contains a list of errata against XACML OASIS Standard Version 1.0 that 28 have been approved by the XACML Technical Committee. Godik, S. and T. Moses, eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) Version 1.0, 2003 [Online]. Available: http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xacml/repository/ cs-xacml-core-01.pdf. This specification defines an XML schema for an extensi- ble access-control policy language. Gordon, M., An Introduction to RDF Technologies: Too Little Too Soon, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://csdl2.computer. org/comp/mags/ds/2004/08/o8005.pdf. The Resource Description Framework is to the emerging semantic web what HTML is to the current World Wide Web. The semantic web is not a new web, but an extension of the current one; likewise, the Resource Description Frame- work is not a new HTML, but a framework for making logical assertions about resources on the web, including existing HTML web pages. The semantics are in the connections between assertions, which form a semantic web. Graham, S., D. Hull, and B. Murray, Web Services Base Notifi- cation 1.3, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open. org/wsn/wsn-ws_brokered_notification-1.3-spec-os.pdf. The event-driven, or notification-based, interaction pattern is a commonly used pattern for inter-object communications. Examples exist in many domains; for example, in publish/ subscribe systems provided by Message Oriented Middle- ware vendors, or in system and device management domains. This notification pattern is increasingly being used in a web services context. Graham, S., A. Karmarkar, J. Mischkinsky, I. Robinson, and I. Sedukhin, Web Services Resource 1.2, 2006 [On- line]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsrf/wsrf-ws_ resource-1.2-spec-os.pdf. This specification defines a web services resource, which describes the relationship between a web service and a resource in the web services resource framework. This docu- ment also defines the pattern by which resources are accessed through web services, and the means by which web services resources are referenced. Graham, S. and J. Treadwell, Web Services Resource Proper- ties 1.2, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open. org/wsrf/wsrf-ws_resource_properties-1.2-spec-os.pdf. This specification standardizes the means by which the definition of the properties of a web services resource may be declared as part of the web service interface. The declaration of the web services resource’s properties represents a projec- tion of or a view on the resource’s state. Harvey, F., W. Kuhn, H. Pundt, Y. Bishr, and C. Riedemann, “Semantic Interoperability: A Central Issue for Sharing Geographic Information,” The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2004. This paper presents an overview of semantic interoperabil- ity and through case studies shows the breadth and depth of issues and approaches in different countries and at different levels of organizations. These cases illustrate the importance of developing flexible approaches to practical data sharing problems that merge semantical with technical considerations. Based on our examinations of semantic issues and approaches in ongoing research projects, we propose cognitive, com- puter science, and socio-technical frameworks for examining semantic interoperability. Haydarlou, A.R., Using Semantic Web Technology for Self- Management of Distributed Object-Oriented Systems. Automated support for management of complex distributed object-oriented systems is a challenge: self-management the goal. A self-management system needs to reason about the behavior of the distributed entities in a system and act when necessary. The knowledge needed is multileveled: different levels of concepts and rules need to be represented. This paper explores the requirements that hold for representing this knowledge in self-managed distributed object-oriented systems, and explores the potential of semantic web technol- ogy in this context. A model for self-management knowledge and a simplified version of a real-life use case is used to illus- trate the potential. Helsinki Implementation Initiative, Global Collaboration on Construction R&D Strategies: The Helsinki Implementa- tion Initiative, Helsinki, 2005. This report provides a record of the summit event that took place in Helsinki on June 15–16, 2005. The background for the event and the study that preceded it are initially presented and then the content of the summit is briefly described, allowing the reader to refer to the annex for fuller detail of the presentations and group work that took place. Helsinki Implementation Initiative, Pre-Summit Study: Global Synthesis Report, 2005. This document presents summary data and a synthesis view from a comparison of 16 documents, which to some extent represent the industry-wide expressions of strategic intent from different countries around the world. Hollmann, J.K., Total Cost Management Framework, Morgantown, W. Va., AACE International, 2006.

50 Horridge, M., H. Knublauch, A. Rector, R. Stevens, and C. Wroe, A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using the Protege-OWL Plugin and CO-ODE Tools, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K., 2004. This work was supported in part by the CO-ODE project funded by the U.K. Joint Information Services Committee and the HyOntUse Project (GR/S44686) funded by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Science Research Council and by 21XS067A from the National Cancer Institute. This guide introduces the Protege-OWL plugin for cre- ating OWL ontologies. Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of the OWL ontology language. Chapter 4 focuses on building an OWL-DL ontology and using a Description Logic Rea- soner to check the consistency of the ontology and auto- matically compute the ontology class hierarchy. Chapter 6 describes some OWL constructs such as Value Restrictions and Enumerated Classes, which are not directly used in the main tutorial. Chapter 7 describes namespaces, importing ontologies, and various features and utilities of the Protege- OWL application. Information Technology Company, Trns-port Transporta- tion Software Management Solution, American Associa- tion of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Gainesville, Fla., 2004. The client/server Trns-port modules have a multitiered archi- tecture. Each module uses one or more types of server that can be deployed in many different configurations. There are perfor- mance and server availability factors that should be considered when planning an agency’s server configuration. It includes a description of the server types, server requirements, and config- uration options, and provides example configurations. Jha, M.K., C. McCall, and P. Schonfeld, Using GIS, Genetic Algorithms, and Visualization in Highway Development, 2001 [Online]. Available: http://www.blackwell-synergy. com/doi/abs/10.1111/0885-9507.00242. A model for highway development is presented, which uses geographic information systems (GIS), genetic algo- rithms (GA), and computer visualization (CV). GIS serves as a repository of geographic information and enables spatial manipulations and database management. GAs are used to optimize highway alignments in a complex search space. CV is a technique used to convey the characteristics of alter- native solutions, which can be the basis of decisions. The proposed model implements GIS and GA to find an opti- mized alignment based on the minimization of highway costs. CV is implemented to investigate the effects of intangible parameters, such as unusual land and environmental charac- teristics not considered in optimization. Constrained optimiza- tion using GAs may be performed at subsequent stages if necessary using feedback received from CVs. Implementa- tion of the model in a real highway project from Maryland indicates that integration of GIS, GAs, and CV greatly enhances the highway development process. Johnson, J., B. Nilsson, F. Luise, A. Torne, J.-L. Loeuillet, L. Candy, M. Inderst, and D. Harris, The Future Systems Engineering Data Exchange Standard STEP AP-233: Sharing the Results of the SEDRES Project. Sharing design information during the systems engineer- ing activities on large international projects within virtual enterprises faces many challenges, including working with heterogeneous sets of systems engineering tools. The adop- tion of neutral data exchange standards is one appropriate approach now well advanced in areas such as structural design (computer-aided design or CAD). ESPRIT project 20496, “SEDRES,” has made significant progress in producing a neutral data exchange standard based on STEP (ISO-10303), embracing systems engineering design data. SEDRES stands for Systems Engineering Data Representation and Exchange Standardization. Cofunded by the European Commission and running from 1996–1999, SEDRES was initiated by Aerospa- tiale, Alenia, British Aerospace, DASA, and Saab. Kessler, D.S., TCRP Synthesis 57: Computer-Aided Sched- uling and Dispatch in Demand-Responsive Transit Ser- vices, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2004, 87 pp. The scope of this synthesis is to (1) search out useful information on the use of computer-aided scheduling and dispatch (CASD) in demand-responsive transit (DRT) ser- vices, (2) develop an amalgamation or compendium of the current knowledge and successful practices used in comput- erizing the functions necessary to efficiently and effectively operate such DRT services, and (3) report on measures used to resolve specific problems in planning and implementing CASD. The ultimate objective in compiling a considerable storehouse of information is to make this information avail- able to the public transit community. Private and nonprofit organizations that are providing DRT services will similarly benefit from a review of these results. Klein, M., Interpreting XML Documents via an RDF Schema Ontology [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/ mags/ex/2001/02/x2026.pdf. This document proposes a procedure that transforms ambiguous XML data into useful RDF statements. This pro- cedure depends on an ontology that describes the meaning of the data. Klein, M., Tutorial: The Semantic Web, 2001 [Online]. Avail- able: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/mags/ex/2001/02/x2026. pdf. XML and RDF are different formalisms with their own purposes, and their roles in the realization of the semantic web vision will be different. XML aims to provide an easy-to-use

51 syntax for web data. With it you can encode all kinds of data that are exchanged between computers, using XML schemas to prescribe the data structure. This makes XML a fundamen- tal language for the semantic web in the sense that many tech- niques will probably use XML as their underlying syntax. Kratt, D., Design Memorandum No. 18-05, Department of Highway Design, 2005. Electronic files submittal with the final contract plans Kreger, H., Web Services Distributed Management: Manage- ment of Web Services, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs. oasis-open.org/wsdm/wsdm-mows-1.1-spec-os-01.pdf. The Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) specifications, as declared in the committee charter, define (1) how management of any resource can be accessed via web services protocols û management using web services, and (2) management of the web services resources via the former û management of web services. This document is the web services distributed management specification defining management of web services. Kreger, H., Web Services Distributed Management: Manage- ment Using Web Services Part 1, 2006 [Online]. Avail- able: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsdm/wsdm-muws1-1.1- spec-os-01.pdf. Management using web services (MUWS) enables man- agement of distributed information technology (IT) resources using web services. Many distributed IT resources use dif- ferent management interfaces. By leveraging web service technology, MUWS enables easier and more efficient man- agement of IT resources. Kreger, H., Web Services Distributed Management: Manage- ment Using Web Services Part 2, 2006 [Online]. Avail- able: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsdm/wsdm-muws2-1.1- spec-os-01.pdf. This document, MUWS Part 2, builds on the foundation provided by MUWS Part 1. All of the normative text presented in MUWS Part 1 is considered normative text for MUWS Part 2. All informational text presented in MUWS Part 1 is rel- evant informational text for MUWS Part 2. Compliance with MUWS Part 1 is required for every aspect of MUWS Part 2. Kukawka, A., IMC Monthly Project Status Report, Depart- ment of Transportation, 2005. Lange, D.B., Mobile Objects and Mobile Agents: The Future of Distributed Computing, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2006. This report leads into the world of mobile agents, an emerg- ing technology that makes it very much easier to design, implement, and maintain distributed systems. Mobile agents reduce the network traffic, provide an effective means of over- coming network latency, and perhaps most importantly, through their ability to operate asynchronously and auton- omously of the process that created them, helps to construct more robust and fault-tolerant. There is an introduction to software agents—the mobile as well as the stationary ones. All the benefits of mobile agents are explained and their impact on the design of distributed systems is demonstrated. This report concludes with a brief overview of some con- temporary mobile agent systems. Lassila, O., Generating Rewrite Rules by Browsing RDF Data, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/ dl/proceedings/ruleml/2006/2652/00/26520051.pdf. The OINK system presented in this paper allows users access to RDF data via browsing and the system as a debug- ging tool when building semantic web applications. OINK also allows users to interactively build queries in the WILBURQL path query language merely by browsing their data; navigational paths are translated into path queries. Law, K.H., “Applications of ICT Standards in Engineering,” In Open ICT Ecosystems, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2006. The document explains the standards of software interop- erability and demonstrates that it is not merely to exchange data, but it has extended application functionalities. Lawrence, K. and C. Kaler, WS-SecureConversation 1.3, 2007 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ ws-secureconversation/200512/ws-secureconversation-1.3- os.pdf. This specification defines extensions that build on Web Services Security to provide a framework for requesting and issuing security tokens and to broker trust relationships. Lee, R.W., Ed., Preparation and Transfer of Electronic Engineering Data, New York State Department of Trans- portation, Albany, N.Y., 2005. The purpose of this text is to remind all involved in the design and/or delivery of capital projects for letting by the department of the guidance regarding the preparation and transfer of electronic engineering data. Lim, J., A. Yoon, and C.-H. Sun, OntoSNP: Ontology Driven Knowledgebase for SNP, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/ichit/2006/2674/02/ 267420120.pdf. This document explains OntoSNP, the information sys- tem model based on ontology and reasoning for the purpose of biomedical research. Its main functionality is to query about the mitochondrial SNP, gene, and disease information related to one another.

52 Liu, L. and S. Meder, Web Services Base Faults 1.2, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsrf/wsrf- ws_ base_faults-1.2-spec-os.pdf [accessed Mar. 31, 2007]. Problem determination in a web services setting is sim- plified by standardizing a base set of information that may appear in fault messages. Web Services-BaseFaults defines an XML schema type for base faults, along with rules for how this base fault type is used and extended by web services. Liu, S. and J. Zhang, Retrieving and Matching RDF Graphs by Solving the Satisfiability Problem. [Online]. Available: http://csdl.computer.org/dl/proceedings/wi/2006/2747/00/ 274700510.pdf. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been accepted as a standard for semantic representation of resources. Efficient methods and tools are needed to solve problems emerging from RDF-based systems; for example, checking equality of two RDF graphs and retrieving subgraphs from another RDF graph. This paper proposes a method that encodes these problems into satisfiability (SAT) instances and solves them by employing efficient SAT solvers. A proto- type tool is implemented and preliminary experimental results are given. Liu, S. and J. Zhang, Exploring Large Document Reposito- ries with RDF Technology: The DOPE Project Retrieving and Matching RDF Graphs by Solving the Satisfiability Problem, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://www.cs.vu.nl/ ~frankh/postscript/IEEE-IS04.pdf. This thesaurus-based search system uses automatic index- ing, RDF-based querying, and concept-based visualization of results to support exploration of large online document repositories. The DOPE project (Drug Ontology Project for Elsevier) explores ways to provide access to multiple life sci- ence information sources through a single interface. Maguire, T., D. Snelling, and T. Banks, Web Services Service- Group 1.2, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis- open.org/wsrf/wsrf-ws_service_group-1.2-spec-os.pdf. A ServiceGroup is a heterogeneous by-reference collec- tion of web services. ServiceGroups can be used to form a wide variety of collections of services or WS16 Resources [web services (WS)-Resources], including registries of ser- vices and associated WS-Resources. Members of a Service- Group are represented using components called entries. A ServiceGroup entry is a WS-Resource. The web service associated with a ServiceGroup entry can be composed from a variety of web services standards including WS20 Resource Lifetime, which defines standard patterns by which resources can be destroyed, WS-BaseNotification, which defines how third parties may subscribe to be informed of changes to the ServiceGroup, and WS23 ResourceProperties, which defines how the properties of a ServiceGroup and its entries are made accessible through a web service interface. Mason, J. and E. Deakin, Information Technology— Implications for Transportation, University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, Calif., 2001. This paper discusses the increased demand for travel and the telecommunication transportation relationship, the diffi- culty of getting large-scale infrastructure built and the possi- bility of using information technology as an alternative, and lessons for successful implementation. MAXIMUS, Best Practices and Lessons Learned: The Office of the Comptroller of the State of New York, Reston, Va., 2002. This document details the results of the best practice analysis performed by MAXIMUS and documents the resul- tant findings. As OSC moves forward with a solution for CAS, it is critical to understand the best practices and lessons learned from other comparable state and/or large city initiatives. McLawhorn, N., Process Mapping for DOT Business Func- tions, 2005. Transportation Synthesis Reports are brief summaries of currently available information on topics of interest to Wisconsin DOT staff. Online and print sources include NCHRP and other TRB programs, AASHTO, the research and practices of other state DOTs, and related research and news. Melas, P., AASHTO Technology Implementation Group Nom- ination of Technology Ready for Implementation, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, N.Y., 2005. Field Automated Communication System (FACS) incorpo- rates existing DOT programs and e-mail access to interface with the tablets, thereby allowing coordination with staff for progress of work and changed work that allows for efficient accounting. Additionally, the FACS ability for real-time input shall provide timely evaluation of any potential impacts or delays to the overall project schedule. Melas, P., Technology Implementation, 2005. The topics covered are: Bentley Inspector and Stakeout, machine navigation/control, stake-less construction, field information management system, Trns-port SiteManager, and Internet bidding. Missouri Department of Transportation, Specifications of Computer Deliverable Contract Plans, 2000. The Missouri DOT uses MicroStation for highway and bridge design and drafting. Highway design surveys and road

53 design computation are achieved by using the GEOPAK software. Mitretek Systems, E-Transit: Electronic Business Strate- gies for Public Transportation, Volume 2, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2002. The characteristics and market position of application service providers were investigated, and the strengths and weaknesses of this computing service model were identified. A similar investigation of thin client computing was con- ducted and reported in this volume. Mitretek Systems and TransTech Management Inc., e-Transit: Electronic Business Strategies for Public Transportation, Volume 1, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2002. This report includes a clarification of supply-chain terms, discussion of the impact of asset management decisions on parts and inventory management needs, and strategies for streamlining the supply chain. Moses, J., eXtensible Access Control Markup Language, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/xacml/ 2.0/access_control-xacml-2.0-core-spec-os.pdf. This 141-page document is about the 2.0 version of the XACML. It discusses the model, gives some examples, and also explains the syntax and the context of XACML. Mueser, B. and Bentley Civil, “19th Annual AGC/NYS DOT Technical Conference,” In Bentley Inspect/Stakeout, Sara- toga Springs, N.Y., Dec. 6–8, 2005. The topics covered are Bentley Inspect/Stakeout—inter- operability: sharing electronic data, electronic deliverables, and DOT pilot projects, machine control/navigation, CORS/ VRS, and GPS. Nadalin, A., M. Goodner, M. Gudgin, A. Barbir, and H. Granqvist, WS-Trust 1.3, 2007 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/ws-trust- 1.3-os.pdf. This specification defines extensions that build on Web Services Security to provide a framework for requesting and issuing security tokens, and to broker trust relationships. Nejako, H. and K. Shadan, Demistifying Interoperability— A Basic Tutorial Construction Project Management Hand- book, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.fta.dot.gov/ documents/Construct_Proj_Mangmnt_CD.pdf. This handbook provides guidelines to public transit agen- cies undertaking substantial construction projects either for the first time or with little experience in construction management. Nelson, D., New York State Department of Transportation’s (NYSDOT’s) Environmental Initiative, AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence, Washington, D.C., 2003. New York State DOT has fostered this environmental ethic agency-wide to empower staff to make decisions that have a positive effect on the environment and urge every New York State DOT employee to look for opportunities to enhance the department’s environmental performance. Njord, J.R., Glossary of Highway Quality Assurance Terms, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/circulars/ec074.pdf. The purpose of this publication is to provide a reference document containing common usage of highway quality assurance terminology. North Carolina Department of Transportation, Chapter 5, Section 3—Cost Allocation, 2006. North Carolina DOT has a cost allocation plan to distrib- ute cost to major operating programs such as transportation improvement plan construction, highway maintenance, other programs, and other construction. FHWA requires all states to formulate a plan to distribute overhead cost in compliance with Circular A-87. Certain costs is considered indirect costs because the units benefit from their existence. By charging this cost uniformly across the various areas, FHWA will reim- burse DOTs a pro rata share of the cost. OASIS, PKI Action Plan, 2004 [Online]. Available: http:// www.oasis-open.org/committees/pki/pkiactionplan.pdf. Public key infrastructure (PKI) was invented more than 20 years ago. Today, it is used in many important standards and protocols (such as SSL/TLS, IPSEC, etc.). Millions of times each day, someone visits a secure website for shopping or banking and PKI is used to secure the connection. Orchard, D. and H. Lockhart, SAML Domain Model, 2001 [Online]. Available: http://www.oasis-open.org/ committees/security/docs/draft-sstc-use-domain-05.pdf. This domain model provides a description and catego- rization of the domain in which SAML solves problems. 7 People, software, data, interactions, and behavior are described in the abstract, without binding the specification 8 to a particular implementation. Osif, B., Fastlanes on the Transportation Information High- way, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/trnews/trnews243infohighway.pdf. From this small, exclusive network based on technically dense programming, the protocols and interfaces evolved that now are activated at the click of a mouse.

54 Pedersen, M.B., Optimization Models and Solution Methods for Intermodal Transportation, Denmark: Centre for Traf- fic and Transport, Lyngby, 2005. This thesis is composed of three papers, each dealing with different aspects in optimization of intermodal transportation and a summary introducing the perceived issues within inter- modal transportation and placing the three papers into context. The summary describes the congestion and environmental problems seen in transportation in Europe and discusses why the European Union sees the reestablishment of the rail sector in an intermodal setting as the solution to the problems. The summary illustrates some of the measures and initiatives taken to improve intermodal transportation. The summary presents the concepts behind developing a freight route planner similar to route planners seen in public transit and discusses how that could be beneficial to the transportation sector as a whole while presenting some of the barriers that may be expected in case of implementation. Phillip, J.T. and K.R. Marshall, Ohio Department of Trans- portation District 2 Office PS&E and Pre-Bid Design Functional Specification and Requirements Document, The Dayhuff Group and National Cooperative Highway Re- search Program, Baltimore, Md., 2001. This document describes a high level design for the new document management and workflow process for the office of Ohio DOT District 2. Powell, R., D. McCoy, T. Wright, and G. Bakolia, Business Systems Infrastructure Project, Office of the State Con- troller, Raleigh, N.C., 2003. North Carolina state government is a large, multifaceted organization with broad and diverse responsibilities. It must provide a variety of services to its citizens and be account- able for multiple and complex programs. The state is experi- encing continuing challenges from budgetary constraints, public desires for expanded services, and taxpayer demands for more effective and efficient operations. Pre-Summit Study: Global Synthesis Report, Helsinki, Finland, 2005. This document presents summary data and a synthesis view from a comparison of 16 documents, which to some extent represent the industry-wide expressions of strategic intent from different countries around the world. Priestley, M. and J. Hackos, OASIS Darwin Information Typ- ing Architecture (DITA) Language Specification v1.0, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/dita/v1.0/ dita-v1.0-spec-os-LanguageSpecification.pdf. This document is part of the technical specification for the DITA architecture. It has 18 chapters, each explaining different types of elements; for example, the task elements, body ele- ments, software elements, programming elements, etc. Priestley, M. and J. Hackos, OASIS DITA Information, Markup, and Specialization, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://docs. oasis-open.org/dita/v1.0/dita-v1.0-spec-os-Architectural Specification.pdf. DITA is an architecture for creating topic-oriented, information-typed content that can be reused and single- sourced in a variety of ways. It is also an architecture for creating new topic types and describing new information domains based on existing types and domains. Project Development Documentation Procedure, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, N.Y., 2002 Raab, R., “Workshop on Interim Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems,” 86th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 21–25, 2007. Raymond, M., S. Webb, and P.I. Aymond, Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL) Distribution Element, v. 1.0 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/emergency/ EDXL-DE/V1.0. This specification is related to the Common Alerting Pro- tocol (CAP), which provides an open, non-proprietary digi- tal message format for all types of alerts and notifications. CAP messages are recommended as one of the standardized forms for XML-based message content, to be distributed by this Distribution Element. Rebolj, D. and K. Menzel, Semantic Web-Based Resources for Intelligent Mobile Construction Collaboration, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://www.itcon.org/data/works/att/ 2004_26.content.00370.pdf. This paper focuses on the synergy between the semantic web, web services, and agent technologies in the provision of such mobile collaboration support infrastructure. A multitier architecture is presented, which brings together the necessary technology threads, including the semantic web (to provide a framework for shared definitions of terms, resources, and rela- tionships), web services (to provide dynamic discovery and inte- gration), and multi-agent technologies (to help mobile workers accomplish a particular task) to support intelligent mobile col- laboration. Future deployment scenarios are presented to illus- trate the potential benefits for the construction industry. Robinson, R.J., New York State Department of Transporta- tion HEEP Report, Highway Engineering Exchange Pro- gram, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.heepweb.org/ ProgramsReports/Reports/HEEPAgencyReports/tabid/96/ EntryID/7/Default.aspx [accessed June 21, 2007]. New York State DOT is in the process of developing an IT governance framework to ensure that the correct mix of

55 strategic growth, operational support, and required mainte- nance IT initiatives is pursued. Perceived benefits will include: a closer alignment between IT strategies and department business strategies, accountability in decisions that impact IT, consistency between IT strategy and policy, and maximum return on IT investment. Schinas, O., D.V. Lyridis, and H.N. Psaraftis, Introducing E-brokerage in European Transport Services; The Case of the PROSIT Project, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece. The use of advanced telematic solutions in the transport sector is already a market trend as well as a policy choice of the European Commission (EC) aiming to improve the overall efficiency of waterborne transport. The research and development project PROSIT, co-funded by the EC, is an effort to introduce telematic technologies in the tradi- tional field of the shipbroker. As middlemen tend to be excluded in an era of “new economy,” PROSIT aims to explore the substitution of an actual commercial procedure with web-based tools. PROSIT has been developed through four major case studies (scenarios) involving different states of technology, market needs, and organizational structures. In this paper all scenarios are described, dis- cussed, and evaluated. Given the results of PROSIT, some qualitative issues of e-brokerage and the future of such ser- vices are discussed in view of the modular structure of modern enterprises. Schulze, T., S. Strassburger, and U. Klein, Migration of HLA into Civil Domains: Solutions and Prototypes for Trans- portation Applications, 1999. The U.S. Department of Defense’s High Level Architec- ture (HLA) for Modeling and Simulation is a mandatory standard for military simulations. The situation in the civil simulation community is different: simulator interoperability is desirable and even required, but there is no driving force to mandate the use of a certain standard. This article addresses the problems that a simulator interoperability standard in the civil world faces and discusses how HLA can possibly become the standard that is needed. Several solutions for connecting civil simulation tools using HLA are introduced and some prototypical applications focusing on the area of transportation are demonstrated. Science Applications International Corporation, Outsourc- ing of State DOT Capital Program Delivery Functions, Transportation Policy and Analysis Center, Vienna, Va., 2003. This document was prepared as part of the 20-24 Series of NCHRP projects on the administration of highway and trans- portation agencies. The report is designed to assist state DOTs in assessing the outsourcing of their capital delivery functions. Sedukhin, I., Management of Web Services: Web Services Distributed Management, 2005 [Online]. Available: http:// docs.oasis-open.org/wsdm/2004/12/wsdm-mows-1.0.pdf. The document explains the formal expression of the management of web services architecture concepts and application to resources exposed as web services. The man- agement of web service concepts and the web architecture is discussed. SITA, Can Information Technology Remove Complexity and Enable Change for Travel and Transportation Industry? 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.sita.aero/News_ Centre/Press_releases/Press_releases_2005/Can_IT_ remove_complexity_and_enable_change_for_travel_and_ transportation_industry.htm [accessed Feb. 27, 2007]. SITA 2005 Insight Conference gathered industry influ- encers to discuss convergence, security, and information technology. In an industry with severe challenges, there are no simple solutions. IT is however the enabler for change, to remove complexity, and to deliver pragmatic solutions. SITA, the world’s leading provider of network and commu- nications solutions to the Travel and Transportation Industry (TTI), announced its speakers and focus for the 2005 Insight Conference, September 13 to 15 at Doral Tesoro Hotel & Golf Club in Fort Worth, Texas. The conference, in its fifth year, focused on effective ways to use technology solutions to cut airline and airport costs, enhance business process effi- ciencies, and simplify the travel and transportation industry. Smith, H., Building a Quality DTM for New York State Department of Transportation. The topics covered are: DTM—digital terrain model, DGN—graphics, ALG—coordinate geometry, SDB—storm and sanitary database, and MDB—quantity manager database. Solutions, S2, NavisWorks 3D Design File Formats, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.s2solutions.biz/formats. htm [accessed Sep. 29, 2006]. This table provides an extensive list of the CAD applica- tions currently supported by NavisWorks3, along with any additional information that may be necessary to review files in NavisWorks. Special Committee on Joint Development Force, Technical & Application Architecture Task Force, AASHTOWare Stan- dards and Guidelines, American Association of State High- way and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1996. The Special Committee on Joint Development formed the Technical & Application Architecture Task Force to provide standards and technical guidance for the development of AASHTOWare software products. The purpose of these standards and guidelines was and is to maximize the return

56 on investment, improve the quality, and increase the useful- ness of the products. Srinivasan, L. and T. Banks, Web Services Resource Lifetime 1.2, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ wsrf/wsrf-ws_resource_lifetime-1.2-spec-os.pdf. The relationship between web services and stateful resources is defined in WS-Resource. This specification defines message exchanges to standardize the means by which a WS-Resource may be destroyed, and resource properties (WS-ResourceProperties) that may be used to inspect and mon- itor the lifetime of a WS-Resource. This specification defines two means of destroying a WS-Resource: immediate destruc- tion and time-based, scheduled destruction. Streett, D., “Emerging Technologies for Highway Con- struction,” In The Value of Embracing New Technologies, A. D. T. Conference, 2005. The topics covered include good data being essential to exploiting technology; increasing confidence in engineering data; 3D modeling of proposed project design; multiple uses of shared electronic data; technology implementations (pilots); machine guidance, control, and navigation; technology uses for inspection and stakeout; and the realities of emerging technologies. Streett, D., Survey Technology & Policies, 2005. The topics covered include new CORS network and pol- icy changes. Sutton, J.C., TCRP Synthesis 55: Geographic Information Systems Application in Transit, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2004, 70 pp. This synthesis will be of interest to transit practitioners and researchers, including technical staff and transit man- agers, as well as to vendors of Geographic Information Sys- tem (GIS) solutions. This report illustrates the value of GIS to transit agencies in service provision and in potential cost savings. The report covers the full range of transit services including planning, operations, management, information technology, and customer service. Included are case studies from five large transit operators that demonstrate a number of innovative uses of GIS, as well as illustrate how GIS is becoming a part of mainstream information technology and a core technology in transit information services. Tarnoff, P.J. and K.R. Marshall, Considerations for a Guide to Contracting ITS Projects, NCHRP Web Document No. 85, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2005, 249 pp. The products of this research effort provide transporta- tion professionals with tools to aid in the identification of appropriate innovative procurement strategies for a specific intelligent transportation system (ITS) project. To further advance the use of innovative procurement strategies to pro- cure ITS, an aggressive outreach campaign is suggested. Tavasszy, L., W. Jonkhoff, A. Burgess, M. Rustenburg, and A. Hunt, Developing Harmonized European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment, 2005. This report presents the first results of WP2 of the harmo- nized European approaches for transport costing (HEATCO) project. It presents state-of-the-art insights into transport project appraisal. It accomplishes this by first trying to indi- cate existing evaluation frameworks in countries. Based on the research carried out in the HEATCO project so far, the advantages and drawbacks of main elements of evaluation harmonization are discussed. Furthermore, it deals with those methodological questions that demand that a choice be made in the harmonization framework. Bearing this in mind, this is an issue paper to guide further research in the HEATCO project. It is meant to identify the relevant issues for further research and to indicate the questions that need to be answered. Teague, T., “FIATECH Interoperability Projects Status Roadmap (2005–2006),” In Interoperability Needs & Data Standards, 2006. This project combines two existing FIATECH projects [DSC and IRR (Interoperability Requirements for the Roadmap)]. The focus of this project is the first step in the FIATECH Interoperability Work Process to identify high business value usage scenarios and project opportunities. While this project has a long-term goal to identify all high- value opportunities across the facility’s life cycle, it uses an incremental approach so high business value projects can be started at any time. Teague, T., Interoperability Needs & Data Standards, FIATECH, 2006 [Online] available: http://www.fiatech.org/ projects/idim/inds.htm [accessed Sep. 5, 2006]. This project combines two existing FIATECH projects [Data Standards Clearinghouse (DSC) and Interoperability Requirements for the Roadmap (IRR)]. The focus of this project is the first step in the FIATECH Interoperability Work Process to identify high business value usage sce- narios and project opportunities. While this project has a long-term goal to identify all high-value opportunities across the facility’s life cycle, it uses an incremental approach so high business value projects can be started at any time. Teague, T.L., Capital Facilities Industry Interoperability Technical Framework Definition, 2005. This is intended to be a discussion draft, incorporating the ideas of the initial draft of the FIATECH Capital Projects

57 Technology Roadmap Element 9—Lifecycle Data Manage- ment and Information Integration Technical Framework, published in October 2004, and incorporating initial results from the Interoperability Requirements for the Roadmap (IRR) Project. Tiede, R., Sanitary Sewer, Larsen Engineers, Rochester, N.Y. An illustration of a sanitary sewer main design completed for a local town. It will be incorporated in a New York State DOT design for construction during other highway construc- tion that is designed by that agency. Trans-port, Trans-port Platform Component Status by Year, 2007. FieldNet and Trns-port Intranet are supported on Oracle databases. Transportation Research Board, NCHRP Report 371: State Departments of Transportation: Strategies for Change, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995, 139 pp. This report documents and summarizes the results of a two-phase project involving: (1) field research and analysis of factors driving change in transportation and state DOTs and the impacts on state DOTs; and (2) the most effective strategies for DOTs to respond effectively. Travis, J., CEC/NCDOT Joint Subcommittee on CEI, Meeting Minutes, Charlotte, N.C., July 11, 2001. Travis, J., CEC/NCDOT Joint Subcommittee on CEI, Meet- ing Minutes, Raleigh, N.C., June 7, 2001. The first CEC/NCDOT Joint Subcommittee on CEI, June 7, 2001, at the North Carolina DOT Highway Design Confer- ence Room located at the Century Center Complex, Raleigh, North Carolina Tuchman, J.L., Owners Tackle Work Force and Process Transformation, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://enr.ecnext. com/comsite5/bin/enr_description_docview_save.pl?p. CURT leaders envision solutions coming from “process transformation” in the industry. Its strategy group called 3xPT, a collaboration with the American Institute of Archi- tects and the Associated General Contractors (ACG) of America, reported that it will involve every sector from engi- neers and subcontractors to suppliers and attorneys in the drive toward collaboration. AGC’s John Tocci called on owners to share the cost of adoption of new technology tools that will reduce the cost of design and construction and create a “litigation-free zone” around building information modeling. Tuchman, J.L., “Owners Tackle Work Force and Process Transformation,” Engineering News-Record, Nov. 27, 2006. Bold cooperative action to alleviate the industry’s short- fall in craft workers “must begin today because tomorrow will be too late,” said veteran labor relations analyst Peter A. Cockshaw in a fire and brimstone message to owners at the Construction Users Roundtable national conference in Tucson, Arizona, Nov. 13–15, 2006. Vambenepe, W., Web Service Distributed Management, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsdm/ 2004/12/wsdm-muws-part1-1.0.pdf. This document describes how web service technology can be used to connect information technology to remote loca- tions for manageability interface. Management using web services (MUSW) are used for monitoring the quality of a service, for controlling a task, managing a resource life cycle, and enforcing a service-level agreement. Vambenepe, W., S. Graham, and P. Niblett, Web Services Topics 1.3, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open. org/wsn/wsn-ws_topics-1.3-spec-os.pdf. The event-driven, or notification-based, interaction pattern is a commonly used pattern for inter-object communications. Examples exist in many domains; for example, in publish/ subscribe systems provided by Message Oriented Middle- ware vendors, or in system and device management domains. This notification pattern is increasingly being used in a web services context. Von Riegen, L., UDDI Version 2.03 Data Structure Reference, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://uddi.org/pubs/Data Structure-V2.03-Published-20020719.htm. The UDDI Version 2.0 API specification defines approx- imately 40 SOAP messages that are used to perform inquiry and publishing functions against any UDDI compliant service registry. This document outlines the details of each of the XML structures associated with these messages. Wachs, M., Improving Efficiency and Equity in Transporta- tion Finance, The Brookings Institution Series on Trans- portation Reform, Washington, D.C., 2003. A complex partnership between many governmental bod- ies, continually influenced by numerous private, corporate, and civic interests, finances our nation’s transportation sys- tem. But the nature of the partnership is changing. Originally offset by a variety of user fees, such as tolls and fuel taxes, the burden of financing transportation programs is gradu- ally being shifted to local governments and voter-approved initiatives. This shift to local transportation taxes raises interesting issues for public policy. This brief dissects the arcane and complicated system of transportation funding by

58 describing the relationships that define the federal, state, and local roles. It summarizes the most pressing problems facing the transportation network, and argues that expanded reliance on user fees remains the most promising way to promote equity and efficiency in transportation finance. Warne, T.R., State DOT Outsourcing and Private-Sector Utilization, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2003. The topic of outsourcing services by state DOTs is one of much interest and consideration. Capital programs in the states continue to grow at record levels thanks to the Transporta- tion Equity Act for the 21st Century and various state initia- tives. Demands on state work forces have never been greater. Consequently, state DOTs are looking for ways to leverage their work forces by outsourcing key activities to deliver prod- ucts and services to their customers. With limited resources and ever-increasing demands for services, the DOTs are endeavoring to optimize their outsourcing activities. In 1997, NCHRP Synthesis Report 246: Outsourcing of State Highway Facilities and Services was prepared to capture the nature of outsourcing at that time. This report is an update of that effort and represents the most current knowledge on the subject.

Next: Appendix A - Survey Questionnaire »
Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 385: Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery explores "best practices" for the seamless sharing of information throughout all phases of the project delivery process.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!