Innovations for Airport Terminal Facilities (2008)

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TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2008 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 10 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subject Areas Planning and Administration • Aviation Innovations for Airport Terminal Facilities CORGAN ASSOCIATES, INC. Dallas, TX I N A S S O C I A T I O N W I T H RICONDO & ASSOCIATES, INC. Alexandria, VA TRANSSOLUTIONS, LLC Fort Worth, TX TRANSECURE, LLC Leesburg, VA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 10 Project 07-01 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN: 978-0-309-11762-3 Library of Congress Control Number 2008910408 © 2008 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 10 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Andréa Briere, Editor ACRP PROJECT 07-01 PANEL Field of Design Bruce Anderson, Landrum & Brown, Cincinnati, OH (Chair) Teresa Davidson, Jacobs Carter Burgess, Arlington, VA Jorge Garcia, San Francisco (CA) International Airport Karen Scott, Louisville (KY) Regional Airport Authority Prianka N. Seneviratne, Asian Development Bank, Manila, The Philippines Lawrence “Larry” Smith, Odessa, FL Patrick Sullivan, FAA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research discussed in this report was performed under ACRP Project 07-01, “New Concepts for Airport Terminal Landside Facilities,” by a research team of recognized experts in airport terminal design, landside facility planning, simulation modeling, and airport security. Corgan Associates, Inc., was the pri- mary research consultant. Philip Mein, Principal Emeritus at Corgan Associates, Inc., was the Principal Investigator and Andrew Kirchhoff, Associate at Corgan Associates, Inc., was the Project Manager. The other authors were M. Allen Hoffman, Director at Ricondo & Associates, Inc; Jacob Strawn, Managing Consultant at Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; Belinda Hargrove, Managing Principal at TransSolutions, LLC; and Art Kosatka, CEO at TranSecure, LLC. The research team would like to express its gratitude to the members of the project panel for their insightful comments and input throughout this research project. The research team would also like to thank the staff at the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, the Port of Oakland, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, American Airlines, and Southwest Airlines for their participation in the research effort. In addition, the following individuals provided key contributions for which the research team is very grateful: Jeffrey Fegan, CEO, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport; Kevin Dolliole, Senior Vice President, UCG Associates, Inc.; Mike Forster, Strategy and Regulation Director, BAA; John ZuZu, Director, Facilities Department, Southwest Airlines; Tom Sparks, Regional Coordinator, Corporate Real Estate, American Airlines; Mark Canton, Director, Sabre Airline Solutions; Ray Mundy, Executive Direc- tor, Airport Ground Transportation Association; Pat Tomcheck, Traffic Operations Center, Los Angeles World Airports; Samuel Ingalls, Assistant Director, Information System, Las Vegas McCarran Interna- tional Airport; Dave Tomber, Planning Program Manager, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, and Edward McCagg, Director of Airport Design, NBBJ. C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ACRP Report 10: Innovations for Airport Terminal Facilities, provides useful synopses of the latest worldwide developments in landside facilities design and discusses future trends and innovative passenger service/processing concepts. The report describes the need for design innovation to serve and process passengers, discusses how innovation can meet many of these needs, and presents several state-of-the-industry design inventions. It explores such innovations as a process-based departure hall, self-service bag check, a drive-through pro- cessing area, elder-friendly baggage devices, alternative curbsides, and arrival lounges. The report will be of interest to airport and airline facilities, real estate, and operations managers, as well as airport planners, architects, and engineers interested in new concepts that can stimulate design and innovation in landside facilities at airports. Airport terminal landside facilities evolve in response to changes in travelers’ needs and industry development and regulation. New functions, services, and processes must be accommodated as they appear even when the facility was not originally designed for the pur- pose. Increases in passenger and baggage screening, provisions for self-service check-in, blast protection, an aging population, persons with disabilities, and the need to improve intermodal connections are among the various functions, services, and processes that are currently necessitating design invention. To address such demands, some airports have moved functions from their traditional locations, reallocated space within the terminal, converted and reconstructed facilities, or created new types of facilities. Such changes have varied impacts on passengers’ experience, airlines’ relationships with their customers, and airport revenues and costs. Research is needed on the interface between various airport terminal landside elements (e.g., garages, roads, curbs, terminals) to identify improved ways of accommodating new airport terminal functions. Under ACRP Project 7-01, Corgan Associates, Inc. was asked to describe new concepts that will stimulate design innovation for terminal landside facilities at FAA-designated large- and medium-hub airports to improve passenger accessibility and level of service between ground transportation and the secure parts of the terminal. This report is not intended to present turnkey concepts for any airport. Rather, it intends to stimulate design innovation by inspiring adoption and adaptation of these concepts to each unique airport environment. Although some of the concepts are presently working at a few airports, other concepts will require a consensus among airport, airlines, and regula- tors before they can be implemented fully and successfully. Further research may examine operational, technical, and legal issues as well as examine means and methods used around the world. F O R E W O R D By Michael R. Salamone Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Background 3 Research Objectives 3 Need for Innovation 3 Report Organization 4 Definitions 5 Assumptions 8 Chapter 2 Research Findings 8 Published Document Review 11 Aviation Industry Interviews 13 Airport Site Visits 16 Chapter 3 Approach to Developing New Concepts 16 Passenger Processes 18 Issues Passengers Commonly Face 20 Innovations Identified 20 Concepts Incorporating Innovations 21 Evaluation Process 22 Chapter 4 Innovations 22 Process-Based Departures Hall 25 Passenger-Processing Facilities 27 Self-Service Baggage Check 29 Bag-Check Plaza 31 Supplemental Curbsides 33 Passenger Assistance Parking Area 34 Low-Profile Passenger Baggage Devices 36 High-Capacity Flow-Through Elevators 38 Consolidated Meeters-and-Greeters Area 39 Arrivals Lounges 41 Summary of Innovations 42 Chapter 5 Landside Concepts 42 Adjacent Passenger-Processing Facilities 48 On-Airport Passenger-Processing Facilities 52 Remote Passenger-Processing Facilities 53 Landside Concept Considerations 56 Chapter 6 Terminal Concepts 56 Departures Hall 59 Arrivals Facilities

62 Chapter 7 Conclusions 62 Potential Benefits of Research Results 62 Applicability of Results to Airport Practice 63 Suggestions for Further Research 64 References 65 Appendix Simulation Analysis Results