National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14225.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 11 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subject Areas Energy and Environment • Aviation Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Brian Kim WYLE LABORATORIES, INC. Arlington, VA Ian A. Waitz CONSULTANT Newton, MA Mary Vigilante SYNERGY CONSULTANTS, INC. Seattle, WA Royce Bassarab WYLE LABORATORIES, INC. Arlington, VA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 11 Project 02-06 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN: 978-0-309-11774-6 Library of Congress Control Number 2009901774 © 2009 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 11 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications ACRP PROJECT 02-06 PANEL Field of Environment Burr Stewart, Port of Seattle, WA (Chair) Howard Aylesworth, Aerospace Industries Association of America, Arlington, VA David J. Full, Reynolds, Smith, and Hills, Inc., San Francisco, CA Edward C. Knoesel, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Sam A. Mehta, San Francisco International Airport, CA Nancy N. Young, Air Transport Association of America, Washington, DC Maryalice Locke, FAA Liaison Andrea Denny, EPA Liaison Jessica Steinhilber, ACI-NA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories provides a framework for identifying and quantifying specific components of airport con- tributions to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). This guidebook can be used by airport oper- ators and others to prepare an airport-specific inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. It identifies calculation methods that can be applied consistently, improving comparability among airports and enhancing understanding of relative contributions of greenhouse gases to local environments. The inventory methods presented focus on the six primary green- house gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocar- bons, and perfluorocarbons. As part of the methodology, the guidebook provides instructions on how to calculate emissions from specific sources and how to create carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalencies. Concerns continue to increase with respect to the potential effects of human activities on the earth’s climate; and scientific studies suggest that these activities, including aviation, contribute to increasing atmospheric concentrations of GHG emissions associated with global warming. While approaches for computing noise and local air quality at the airport level are generally well established, specific guidance or generally applied practice for com- puting airport-level GHG emission inventories has not previously been available. In gen- eral, under international treaties, GHGs are addressed at a national or state level. However, responding to growing local political and community concerns, cities and counties across the country are beginning to attempt to quantify the contribution of sources within their boundaries to local and regional GHG emissions. Previously, these efforts have occurred without a common approach or structure. Based on that need, it is evident that airport oper- ators could benefit from a guidebook providing uniform methods of developing airport GHG emissions inventories. Given the level of interest regarding aviation’s contribution to GHG emissions and ulti- mately to climate change, it is important that airports have information necessary to address potential concerns. On a sub-regional level, many localities have begun to develop aviation- related GHG inventories using various methods and accounting approaches. This guide- book provides a concise set of step-by-step instructions on how to generate airport GHG inventories—what sources should be included, how to calculate emissions, and how to account for the ownership and control as well as geographic boundaries. The guidebook provides different options that allow users to define an effective inventory approach within the limits of available resources. Industry-wide adoption of the guidance materials could ultimately lead to consistent inventory methods by different airports to facilitate compar- isons and sharing of knowledge. F O R E W O R D By Lawrence D. Goldstein Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

Application of the inventory procedures provided within the guidebook could also help airports track GHG emissions over time, recognizing contributions from specific sources within defined activity boundaries. As a result, broad use of the proposed inventory proce- dures could help clarify ownership and control issues and assist in quantifying and compar- ing potential reductions in GHG emissions using alternative actions and programs within the airport environment. Potential users of this guidebook are first and foremost airport operators and managers, and their consultants. City and state officials could also use the guidebook to help integrate airport GHG inventories into their larger regional inventories, clarifying the specific makeup and percentage of airport-generated contributions. The broader scientific commu- nity should also be interested in the process to enhance understanding of the sources of GHG, the emissions calculation methods and how to create CO2 equivalencies. Ultimately, the information gathered should be useful for studying the impacts of airport-generated GHG emissions on climate change.

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Purpose of the Guidebook 2 1.2 Regulatory Considerations 3 1.3 Overview of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3 1.4 Overview of Reasons for Preparing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories 4 1.4.1 Climate Change Initiatives—Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals 6 1.4.2 Environmental Management and Sustainability Programs 6 1.4.3 Disclosure of Project/Action Effects 8 1.4.4 Future Regulations 8 1.5 Airport Source Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 9 1.6 Introduction to the Use of Equivalency Methods 10 1.7 Allocating Emissions Reductions 12 Chapter 2 Inventory Development Considerations 12 2.1 Purpose of the Inventory 13 2.2 Identification of the Ownership and Control Boundaries 13 2.2.1 Traditional Criteria Pollutant Inventory Boundaries 13 2.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Boundaries 15 2.3 Identification of Sources and Pollutants 16 2.4 Ownership and Influence Categorizations 17 2.5 Geographic Boundaries 18 2.6 Data Availability 18 2.7 Reporting Units for Pollutants 19 Chapter 3 Emissions Calculations and Application of CO2 Equivalencies 20 3.1 Aircraft 21 3.1.1 Aircraft Method 1 22 3.1.2 Aircraft Method 2 23 3.1.3 Aircraft Method 3 24 3.1.4 Other Pollutants 24 3.2 Auxiliary Power Unit 25 3.3 Ground Support Equipment 25 3.3.1 GSE Method 1 25 3.3.2 GSE Method 2 26 3.3.3 Other Pollutants 26 3.4 Ground Access Vehicles 27 3.4.1 GAV Method 1 28 3.4.2 GAV Method 2 28 3.4.3 GAV Method 3 29 3.4.4 Other Pollutants 29 3.5 Stationary Sources

29 3.5.1 Stationary Source Combustion Activities—Method 1 30 3.5.2 Stationary Source Combustion Activities—Method 2 30 3.5.3 Electricity Usage (Utility Purchases) 31 3.5.4 Other Pollutants 31 3.6 Waste Management Activities 32 3.7 Training Fires 32 3.8 Construction Activities 33 3.9 Other Airport Sources 34 3.10 Calculation of CO2 Equivalencies 35 References 38 Acronyms 40 Glossary 49 Frequently Asked Questions 53 Appendices A Through F

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories explores a framework for identifying and quantifying specific components of airport contributions to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The report is designed to help airport operators and others to prepare an airport-specific inventory of greenhouse gas emissions.

Appendices A through F to ACRP Report 11 were published online as ACRP Web-Only Document 2. The appendices titles are as follows:

Appendix A-Reasons for Developing GHG Inventories

Appendix B-Emissions and Sources

Appendix C-Methods for Calculating GHG Emissions

Appendix D-Methods for Calculating CO2 Equivalencies

Appendix E-Inventory Development Protocols

Appendix F-Approaches Used in Airport Inventories Prepared to Date

An ACRP Impacts on Practice related to ACRP Report 11 is available.

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