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CO2, with Section 3.4.4 discussing the methodology for the ger category, vehicles can be further identified by the mode of
Level 2 and Level 3 pollutants for GAV. travel--private vehicle, taxi, shared van, etc. For many air-
ports, data of this nature are not available. Thus, sources of
data that the inventory developer might consult could include:
3.4.1 GAV Method 1
total airport activity characteristics (passenger, operations,
Method 1 calculations involving the determination of GHG and cargo including the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast), air-
emissions from GAVs basically determine fuel consumption port parking revenue (for vehicles accessing the airport park-
values for use with the appropriate emission factors. This is ing lots), passenger surveys (for modes of travel and distance
the general method described under both Tiers 1 and 2 of the traveled), metropolitan planning organization (MPO is re-
emissions section in Volume 2, Chapter 3 (IPCC 2006). How- sponsible for regional surface traffic analysis) traffic analysis
ever, unlike using the IPCC tiers, national fuel consumption for the area, airport employee parking and badge office in-
data specific to an airport and the vehicles that use an airport formation (concerning employees and their travel), airport
are not available. Therefore data surrogates are used to pro- master plans and environmental analysis (for ground travel
vide an indication of the distance that vehicles travel and the information), rental car revenue data (to identify rental car
fuel economy of those vehicles. The overall method for airport companies and percentage of market shares), etc.
GAV emissions is presented in Figure 3-7. In order to calculate GAV fuel consumption, fuel econ-
The first step in calculating GAV emissions is to collect omy data would need to be obtained from sources such as
VMT data for all vehicles. The total origin-destination distance the USEPA (USEPAb 2005), FHWA (FHWA 2002), and DOE
should be included to allow proper accounting of GHG emis- (DOE 2007). For national averages, some typical values are
sions based on the influence of the airport. Such data could as follow:
potentially be derived from passenger surveys or estimates of
· Passenger cars = 23.9 mpg (USEPAb 2005),
passenger trip distances. Although passenger vehicles will tend
· Passenger cars = 22.1 mpg (FHWA 2002), and
to account for the biggest portion of GAV emissions, other
· Cars (2005) = 22.9 mpg (DOE 2007).
vehicles, such as those used by airport employees and shuttle
buses, should also be included. Each of these vehicles should Any of these example fuel economy values could be used
also be categorized by fuel type (e.g., gasoline, diesel, etc.). since they are all from reputable sources. The inventory devel-
In the simplest form, the vehicles using an airport can be cat- oper needs to clearly document the sources and should consider
egorized by passengers, employees, cargo, and service delivery. the potential need for consistency with previous inventories
If specific vehicle data are not available, the inventory devel- when choosing which values to use. If more specific fuel
oper will be required to estimate the number of vehicles and economy data are available (i.e., more specific to airport
distance traveled of the various vehicle types. In the passen- GAVs), they should be used instead of the national averages.
Although the data could be segregated into categories (e.g., cars
and trucks), the purpose of this method is to conduct a rela-
Total VMT or by a tively "simple" assessment using average values. Using these
Few Major Vehicle Fuel
Categories Economy Data national averages, fuel consumption would be calculated as
exemplified below.
The following sample calculation is for one round trip:
Calculate Fuel consumption = ( 40 mi ) ( 23.9 mpg fuel economy )
= 1.67 gal fuel.
To calculate GHG emissions, emission factors can be ob-
GAV Fuel Emission
Consumption Factors tained from the following variety of sources:
· Motor gasoline = 19.564 lbs CO2/gal fuel (EIA 2008),
· Diesel = 22.384 lbs CO2/gal fuel (EIA 2008),
Calculate
· LPG = 12.805 lbs CO2/gal fuel (EIA 2008),
· Gasoline = 8.81 kg CO2/gal fuel (USEPAa 2005),
· On-road diesel fuel = 10.15 kg CO2/gal fuel (USEPAa 2005),
GAV GHG · LPG = 5.79 kg CO2/gal fuel (USEPAa 2005),
Emissions
· LNG = 4.46 kg CO2/gal fuel (USEPAa 2005), and
· Gasoline = 19.4 lbs CO2/gal fuel (USEPAb 2005 and CFR
Figure 3-7. Overview of GAV Method 1. 2003).
