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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 11
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Guidebook on Preparing
Airport Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventories
OCR for page R2
ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Independent Consultant VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
VICE CHAIR
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
MEMBERS John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
James Crites
DallasFort Worth International Airport
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Richard de Neufville Norfolk, VA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin C. Dolliole David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Unison Consulting Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia,
John K. Duval Charlottesville
Beverly Municipal Airport Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Kitty Freidheim
Freidheim Consulting Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Steve Grossman Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Oakland International Airport Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Tom Jensen Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of
National Safe Skies Alliance Technology, Atlanta
Catherine M. Lang Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Federal Aviation Administration
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Gina Marie Lindsey
Los Angeles World Airports Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Carolyn Motz Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Hagerstown Regional Airport Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Richard Tucker Rosa Clausell Rountree, Consultant, Tyrone, GA
Huntsville International Airport Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Sabrina Johnson Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Richard Marchi EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Airports Council International--North America
Laura McKee Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Air Transport Association of America Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Henry Ogrodzinski Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
National Association of State Aviation Officials George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Melissa Sabatine University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
American Association of Airport Executives
Robert E. Skinner, Jr.
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
Transportation Research Board Clifford C. Eby, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
SECRETARY Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Christopher W. Jenks
Transportation Research Board
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
David Kelly, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Sherry E. Little, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
Thomas J. Madison, Jr., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of November 2008. *Membership as of January 2009.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 11
Guidebook on Preparing
Airport Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventories
Brian Kim
WYLE LABORATORIES, INC.
Arlington, VA
Ian A. Waitz
CONSULTANT
Newton, MA
Mary Vigilante
SYNERGY CONSULTANTS, INC.
Seattle, WA
Royce Bassarab
WYLE LABORATORIES, INC.
Arlington, VA
Subject Areas
Energy and Environment · Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 11
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 02-06
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN: 978-0-309-11774-6
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2009901774
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2009 Transportation Research Board
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative
Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- completeness of the project reporting.
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 11
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager
Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
ACRP PROJECT 02-06 PANEL
Field of Environment
Burr Stewart, Port of Seattle, WA (Chair)
Howard Aylesworth, Aerospace Industries Association of America, Arlington, VA
David J. Full, Reynolds, Smith, and Hills, Inc., San Francisco, CA
Edward C. Knoesel, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Sam A. Mehta, San Francisco International Airport, CA
Nancy N. Young, Air Transport Association of America, Washington, DC
Maryalice Locke, FAA Liaison
Andrea Denny, EPA Liaison
Jessica Steinhilber, ACI-NA Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Lawrence D. Goldstein
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories
provides a framework for identifying and quantifying specific components of airport con-
tributions to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). This guidebook can be used by airport oper-
ators and others to prepare an airport-specific inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. It
identifies calculation methods that can be applied consistently, improving comparability
among airports and enhancing understanding of relative contributions of greenhouse gases
to local environments. The inventory methods presented focus on the six primary green-
house gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocar-
bons, and perfluorocarbons. As part of the methodology, the guidebook provides instructions
on how to calculate emissions from specific sources and how to create carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalencies.
Concerns continue to increase with respect to the potential effects of human activities
on the earth's climate; and scientific studies suggest that these activities, including aviation,
contribute to increasing atmospheric concentrations of GHG emissions associated with
global warming. While approaches for computing noise and local air quality at the airport
level are generally well established, specific guidance or generally applied practice for com-
puting airport-level GHG emission inventories has not previously been available. In gen-
eral, under international treaties, GHGs are addressed at a national or state level. However,
responding to growing local political and community concerns, cities and counties across
the country are beginning to attempt to quantify the contribution of sources within their
boundaries to local and regional GHG emissions. Previously, these efforts have occurred
without a common approach or structure. Based on that need, it is evident that airport oper-
ators could benefit from a guidebook providing uniform methods of developing airport
GHG emissions inventories.
Given the level of interest regarding aviation's contribution to GHG emissions and ulti-
mately to climate change, it is important that airports have information necessary to address
potential concerns. On a sub-regional level, many localities have begun to develop aviation-
related GHG inventories using various methods and accounting approaches. This guide-
book provides a concise set of step-by-step instructions on how to generate airport GHG
inventories--what sources should be included, how to calculate emissions, and how to
account for the ownership and control as well as geographic boundaries. The guidebook
provides different options that allow users to define an effective inventory approach within
the limits of available resources. Industry-wide adoption of the guidance materials could
ultimately lead to consistent inventory methods by different airports to facilitate compar-
isons and sharing of knowledge.
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Application of the inventory procedures provided within the guidebook could also help
airports track GHG emissions over time, recognizing contributions from specific sources
within defined activity boundaries. As a result, broad use of the proposed inventory proce-
dures could help clarify ownership and control issues and assist in quantifying and compar-
ing potential reductions in GHG emissions using alternative actions and programs within
the airport environment.
Potential users of this guidebook are first and foremost airport operators and managers,
and their consultants. City and state officials could also use the guidebook to help integrate
airport GHG inventories into their larger regional inventories, clarifying the specific
makeup and percentage of airport-generated contributions. The broader scientific commu-
nity should also be interested in the process to enhance understanding of the sources of
GHG, the emissions calculation methods and how to create CO2 equivalencies. Ultimately,
the information gathered should be useful for studying the impacts of airport-generated
GHG emissions on climate change.
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CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background
1 1.1 Purpose of the Guidebook
2 1.2 Regulatory Considerations
3 1.3 Overview of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3 1.4 Overview of Reasons for Preparing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories
4 1.4.1 Climate Change Initiatives--Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals
6 1.4.2 Environmental Management and Sustainability Programs
6 1.4.3 Disclosure of Project/Action Effects
8 1.4.4 Future Regulations
8 1.5 Airport Source Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
9 1.6 Introduction to the Use of Equivalency Methods
10 1.7 Allocating Emissions Reductions
12 Chapter 2 Inventory Development Considerations
12 2.1 Purpose of the Inventory
13 2.2 Identification of the Ownership and Control Boundaries
13 2.2.1 Traditional Criteria Pollutant Inventory Boundaries
13 2.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Boundaries
15 2.3 Identification of Sources and Pollutants
16 2.4 Ownership and Influence Categorizations
17 2.5 Geographic Boundaries
18 2.6 Data Availability
18 2.7 Reporting Units for Pollutants
19 Chapter 3 Emissions Calculations and Application
of CO2 Equivalencies
20 3.1 Aircraft
21 3.1.1 Aircraft Method 1
22 3.1.2 Aircraft Method 2
23 3.1.3 Aircraft Method 3
24 3.1.4 Other Pollutants
24 3.2 Auxiliary Power Unit
25 3.3 Ground Support Equipment
25 3.3.1 GSE Method 1
25 3.3.2 GSE Method 2
26 3.3.3 Other Pollutants
26 3.4 Ground Access Vehicles
27 3.4.1 GAV Method 1
28 3.4.2 GAV Method 2
28 3.4.3 GAV Method 3
29 3.4.4 Other Pollutants
29 3.5 Stationary Sources
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29 3.5.1 Stationary Source Combustion Activities--Method 1
30 3.5.2 Stationary Source Combustion Activities--Method 2
30 3.5.3 Electricity Usage (Utility Purchases)
31 3.5.4 Other Pollutants
31 3.6 Waste Management Activities
32 3.7 Training Fires
32 3.8 Construction Activities
33 3.9 Other Airport Sources
34 3.10 Calculation of CO2 Equivalencies
35 References
38 Acronyms
40 Glossary
49 Frequently Asked Questions
53 Appendices A Through F
