A Guide for Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes (2009)

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SECTION VII Key References Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety. Available at http://www.saferoads.org/index.htm. Agent, K. (1980). “Transverse Pavement Markings for Speed Control and Accident Reduction.” In Transportation Research Record 773. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 11–14. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2004). A Guide for Achieving Flexibility in Highway Design. Washington, D.C. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2001). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2001, Fourth Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2004). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 5th Edition. Washington, D.C. Armour, M. (February 1986). “The Effect of Police Presence on Urban Driving Speeds.” ITE Journal, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 40–45. Barker, J. (1997). “Trials of Rural Safety Measures.” TRL Report 202. TRL Limited. Crowthorne, United Kingdom. Bishop, Elizabeth. (January 19, 2006). CHP Takes Zero Tolerance Approach to Speeding on Highway 79. http://www.news10.net/storyfull2.aspx?storyid=15441. Bloch, S. A. (1998). “A Comparative Study of the Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Display Boards.” In Transportation Research Record 1640. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 27–36. Brehmer, C. L., Kacir, K. C., Noyce, D. A., and Manser, M. P. (2003). NCHRP Report 493, “Evaluation of Traffic Signal Displays for Protected/Permissive Left-Turn Control.” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Brilon, W., Stuwe, B., and Drews, O. (2003). 1993 Report in German summarized by R. Elvik. “Effects on Road Safety of Converting Intersections to Roundabouts, A Review of Evidence from Non-U.S. Studies.” In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1847. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–10. Center for Transportation Research and Education. (2001). Signs. Iowa State University. http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/itcd/signs.pdf. Website accessed on March 25, 2005. Chang, K., Nolan, M., and Nihan, N. L. (August 2004). Radar Speed Signs on Neighborhood Streets: An Effective Traffic Calming Device, 2004 ITE Annual Meeting and Exhibit. http://www.ite.org/ traffic/documents/AB04H1501.pdf. City of Bellevue, Neighborhood Traffic Services. Available at http://www.ci.bellevue.wa.us/ traffic_calming.htm. VII-1

City of Fairfax, Virginia—Traffic Calming. Available at http://www.fairfaxva.gov/ Transportation/NeighborhoodTraffic/CalmingTraffic.asp. Corkle, J., Marti, M., and Montebello, D. (October 2001). Synthesis on the Effectiveness of Rumble Strips. Minnesota DOT, Minnesota Local Road Research Board. Available at http://www.lrrb.gen.mn.us/PDF/200207.pdf. Website accessed on March 31, 2005. David, N. A., and Norman, J. R. (July 1975). “Motor Vehicle Accidents in Relation to Geometric and Traffic Features of Highway Intersections: Volume II—Research Report.” Report No. FHWA-RD-76-129. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. “Building Safer Highway Work Zones—Measures to Prevent Worker Injuries from Vehicles.” Publication No. 2001-128. Washington, D.C. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/ 2001-128/. Department of Transport. (2003). Traffic Signs Manual Chapter 5: Road Markings. Department of Transport, United Kingdom. Drakopoulos, A., and Vergou, G. (2003). Evaluation of the Converging Chevron Pavement Marking Pattern at one Wisconsin Location. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C. Ewing, R. (1999). Traffic Calming: State of the Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington D.C. Fambro, D. B., Fitzpatrick, K., and Koppa, R. J. (1997). NCHRP Report 400, “Determination of Stopping Sight Distances.” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Federal Highway Administration. (December 2005). FHWA Study Tour for Speed Management and Enforcement Technology. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Federal Highway Administration. (2001). “Geometric Design Practices for European Roads.” Publication No. FHWA-PL-01-026. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Federal Highway Administration. (2008). Priority, Market-Ready Innovations and Technologies—USLIMITS. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/crt/lifecycle/08028.pdf. Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology. Priority, Market-Ready Technologies and Innovations, Rumble Strips. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/crt/lifecycle/ rumblestrips.pdf. Website accessed on March 31, 2005. Federal Highway Administration. (2000). “Roundabouts: An Informational Guide.” Publication No. FHWA-RD-00-67. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Federal Highway Administration. (2004). “Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide.” Publication No. FHWA-HRT-04-091. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-2

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Federal Highway Administration. (August 2004). “Signalized Intersections—Informational Guide.” FHWA Chapter 9, Intersection-Wide Treatments. Available at http://www.tfhrc.gov/ safety/pubs/04091/09.htm#912. Federal Highway Administration Speed Management and Enforcement Technology Team. (December 1995). FHWA Study Tour for Speed Management and Enforcement Technology. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington D.C. Federal Highway Administration. (December 20, 2001). “Technical Advisory on Roadway Shoulder Rumble Strips.” Publication No. T 5040.35. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ legsregs/directives/techadvs/t504035.htm. Federal Highway Administration. (1996). The 1996 Annual Report on Highway Safety Improvement Programs. Publication No. FHWA-SA-96-040. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Federal Highway Administration. (March 2005). USLIMITS: Expert Speed Zoning Advisor. Available at http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speed_manage/uslimitsbrief.htm. Fitzpatrick, K., Carlson, P. J., Wooldridge, M. D., and Brewer, M. A. (2000). “Design Factors that Affect Driver Speed on Suburban Arterials.” PSR 1769-S. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas. Fontaine, M. D., and Carlson, P. J. (2001). “Evaluation of Speed Displays and Rumble Strips at Rural Maintenance Work Zones.” In Transportation Research Record 1745. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 27–38. Available at http://transops.tamu.edu/ content/WorkZones/00377.pdf. Website accessed on March 30, 2005. Griffin, L. I. III, and Reinhardt, R. N. (August 1995). A Review of Two Innovative Pavement Marking Patterns That Have Been Developed to Reduce Traffic Speeds and Crashes. Prepared for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Texas Transportation Institute. Hines, M., and McDaniel, J. B. (March 2002). NCHRP Legal Research Digest 47, “Judicial Enforcement of Variable Speed Limits.” Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Ha, T., Kang, J., and Park, J. (February 2003). “The Effects of Automated Speed Enforcement Systems on Traffic Flow Characteristics and Accidents in Korea.” ITE Journal, pp. 28–31. Hall, J. (September 9, 2003). “Temecula CHP Starts Speed-Enforcement Program.” North County Times. Available at http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2003/09/09/news/ californian/9_10_0321_18_50.prt. Hallmark, S., and Mueller, K. (August 2004). Impact of Left-Turn Phasing on Older and Younger Drivers at High-Speed Signalized Intersections. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University. Available at http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/reports/ protect_permit.pdf. Website accessed September 19, 2005. Harvey, T. (November 17, 1992). “A Review of Current Traffic Calming Techniques” Institute of Transport Studies, University of Leeds. Available at http://www.its.leeds.ac.uk/projects/ primavera/p_calming.html. Harwood, D. W., Bauer, K. M., Potts, I. B., Torbic, D. J., Richard K. R., Kohlman Rabbani, E. R., Hauer, E., and Elefteriadou, L. (July 2002). Safety Effectiveness of Intersection VII-3

Left-and Right-Turn Lanes. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Harwood, D. W., Council, F. M., Hauer, E., Hughes, W. E., and Vogt, A. (2000). “Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways.” Publication No. FHWA-RD- 99-207. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Harwood, D. W., Gilmore, D. K., Richard, K. R., Dunn, J. M., and Sun, C. (2008). NCHRP Report 605, “Passing Sight Distance Criteria.” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Harwood, D. W., Pietrucha, M. T., Wooldridge, M. D., Brydia, R. E., and Fitzpatrick, K. (1995). NCHRP Report 375, “Median Intersection Design.” Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C. Helliar-Symons, R. D. (1981). “Yellow Bar Experimental Carriageway Markings—Accident Study.” TRL Report LR1010. TRL Limited. Crowthorne, United Kingdom. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Available at http://www.iihs.org/research/qanda/ speed_limits.html. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety—Automated Enforcement Laws. Highway Loss Data Institute. Available at http://www.iihs.org/laws/automated_enforcement.aspx. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Q&A Speed Law Enforcement. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, 1996–2005. Available at http://www.iihs.org/ research/qanda/speed_lawenf.html. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (May 4, 2002). Special Issue: Automated Enforcement, Status Report. Vol. 37, No. 5. Available at http://www.iihs.org/sr/pdfs/sr3705.pdf. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (June 19, 1999). “Status Report.” Vol. 34, No. 6. Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1999). “Traffic Safety Toolbox: A Primer on Traffic Safety.” Washington, D.C. Isebrands, H., Hallmark, S., Hans, Z., McDonald, T., Preston, H., and Storm, R. (December 2004). Safety Impacts of Street Lighting at Isolated Rural Intersections—Part II, Year 1 Report. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University. Jones, B., Griffith, A., and Haas, K. (2002). “Effectiveness of Double Fines as a Speed Control Measure in Safety Corridors.” Report No. FHWA-OR-DF-01-10. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem, Oregon. Available online at http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/ TP_RES/docs/Reports/EffectDoubleFines.pdf. Kamyab, A., Andrle, S., and Kroeger, D. (March 2002). Methods to Reduce Traffic Speed in High Pedestrian Areas. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Minnesota Local Road Research Board. Katz, B. J. (2004). “Pavement Markings for Speed Reduction—Final Report.” Turner- Fairbank Highway Research Center, Traffic Control Devices Pooled Fund Study. Katz, B. J. (2004a). “Perceptual Pavement Marking Techniques as a Low-Cost Safety Improvement to Reducing Vehicle Speeds.” 2004 Annual Meeting and Exhibit of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-4

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Keith, K., Trentacoste, M., Depue, L., Granda, T., Huckaby, E., Ibarguen, B., Kantowitz, B., Lum, W., and Wilson, T. (May 2005). Roadway Human Factors and Behavioral Safety in Europe. Publication No. FHWA-PL-05-005. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Available at http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/humanfactors/pl05005.pdf. Lamm, R., and Kloeckner, J. H. (1984). “Increase of Traffic Safety by Surveillance of Speed Limits with Automatic Radar Devices on a Dangerous Section of a German Autobahn: A Long-Term Investigation.” In Transportation Research Record 974, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 8–16. Lerner, N., Llaneras, R., Smiley, A., and Hanscom, F. (2005). NCHRP Web-Only Document 70, “Comprehensive Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems.” From NCHRP Project 17-18(08). (Draft, unedited by Transportation Research Board.) Lu, J. J., Park, J., Dissanayake, S., and Pernia, J. (March 2003). “Criteria for Setting Speed Limits in Urban and Suburban Areas in Florida.” Final Research Report to Florida Department of Transportation. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. Lum, H. S. “The Use of Road Markings to Narrow Lanes for Controlling Speed in Residential Areas.” ITE Journal, June 1984. Lyles, R. W., and Taylor, W. C. (2006). NCHRP Report 559, “Communicating Changes in Horizontal Alignment.” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (2003). Federal Highway Administration. 2003 Edition. Available at http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/. McGee, H. “Making Intersections Safer: A Toolbox of Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red-Light Running.” Federal Highway Administration and Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2003. Available at http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersections/ rlr_report/. Website accessed on April 12, 2005. Meyer, E. (July 2000). A Literature Review of Perceptual Countermeasures to Speeding. University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas. Meyer, E. November 2001.“A New Look at Optical Speed Bars.” ITE Journal. Meyer, M. D. “A Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion and Enhancing Mobility.” Georgia Institute of Technology. Prepared for the Institute of Transportation Engineers. http://drusilla.hsrc.unc.edu/cms/downloads/Toolbox_AlleviateCongestion1997.pdf. 1997. Milliken, J. G., Council, F. M., Gainer, T. W., Garber, N. J., Gebbie, K.M., Hall, J. W., Lave, C. A., et al. (1998). Special Report 254, “Managing Speed, Review of Current Practice for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits.” Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C. Minnesota Department of Transportation. (May 2004). 2000 Traffic Engineering Manual, Revised Edition. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2006). Online Legislative Tracking Database. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at http://www.ncsl.org/ programs/transportation/trafsafdb.htm. Website accessed on May 12, 2006. VII-5

National Conference of State Legislatures and Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2004). Automated Enforcement. National Conference of State Legislatures. Available at http://www. ncsl.org/programs/transportation/AutomatedEnforce.htm. Website accessed on 3/21/2005. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (August 2005). Analysis of Speeding-Related Fatal Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes. DOT HS 809 839. Available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa. dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2005/809_839/809-839.html. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality Analysis Reporting System. (2005). Available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality Analysis Reporting System. (2006a). Available at http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Guidelines for Developing a Municipal Speed Enforcement Program. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/ program.htm. Website accessed: May 18, 2006. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (November 1995). Municipal Speed Enforcement Programs Evaluated. Traffic Tech, Technology Transfer Series. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.d5b3205929 db510baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&j avax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=b0d5da1 d732bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=1A&trafficTechYearSelect =1995&overrideViewName=Report. Website accessed: May 19, 2006. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Survey of Speeding and Other Unsafe Driving Actions, Volume II: Effectiveness and Support for Countermeasures and Volume III: Countermeasures. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/aggressive/ unsafe/counter/Chapt2.html. Website accessed on April 7, 2005. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Report to Congress on the FY 2003 Expenditure of Funds for Judges and Prosecutors. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/announce/ NHTSAReports/congressreportfy2003.htm. Website accessed on May 15, 2006. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (January 2001). Summary of State Speed Laws Fifth Edition. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at http://www.nhtsa. dot.gov/PEOPLE/INJURY/enforce/speedlaws501/summary_table.htm. Website accessed May 12, 2006. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Digest, Winter 1999. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/outreach/safedige/Winter1999/n5-122.html. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2006). Traffic Safety Facts 2006—Speeding. DOT HS 810 814. Available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810814.PDF. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Materials Catalog. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem. 4ef05b2d3dd5fbb89ec0f210dba046a0/. North Dakota’s Safe Communities. Available at http://www.safecommunities.org. Oesch, S. L. (February 2005). Statement before the District of Columbia Public Roundtable on Automated Enforcement. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-6

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Ohio Insurance Institute. (2001). 2001 Ohio Insurance Facts. Ohio Insurance Institute. http://www.ohioinsurance.org/factbook2001/chapter3/chapter_3a.htm. Website accessed on May 12, 2006. Othon, N. L. (January 10, 2005). New Boost for Camera Radar. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Accessed online at Governors Highway Safety Association. Available at http://www. ghsa.org/html/media/mediacoverage/2005/011005.html. Website accessed on 3/30/2005. Oxley, J., Corben, B., Koppel, S., Fildes, B., Jacques, N., Symmons, M., and Johnston, I. (2004). “Cost-Effective Infrastructure Measures on Rural Roads.” Monash University Accident Research Centre. Australia. Parker, M. R. (1992). “Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits: Final Report.” Report No. FHWA-RD-92-084. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Pline, J. L. (1996). NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 225, “Left-Turn Treatments at Intersections.” Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Portland (Oregon) Police Bureau. (1997). Photo Radar Demonstration Project Evaluation. Available at http://www.portlandonline.com/police/index.cfm?a=32388&c=29870. RaceLegal.com. Available at http://www.racelegal.com/web/about.asp. Rakha, H. A. Medina, Sin, H., Dion, F., Van Aerde, M., and Jenq, J. (2000). “Traffic Signal Coordination across Jurisdiction Boundaries: Field Evaluation of Efficiency, Energy, Environmental, and Safety Impacts.” In Transportation Research Record 1727. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C. Ran, B., Barrett, B., and Johnson, E. (October 2004). Evaluation of Variable Message Signs in Wisconsin: DriverSurvey, Wisconsin Department of Transportation. http://on.dot.wi.gov/ wisdotresearch/database/reports/45-17variablemessagesigns.pdf. Retting, R. A., and Farmer, C. M. (2003). “Evaluation of Speed Camera Enforcement in the District of Columbia.” In Transportation Research Record 1830, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 34–37. Retting, R. A., Chapline, J., and Williams, A. (September 2000). “Changes in Crash Risk Following Retiming of Signal Change Intervals.” Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA. Robinson, M. (January 2000). Examples of Variable Speed Limit Applications. Speed Management Workshop Proceedings. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Available online at: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/fourthlevel/ppt/vslexamples.ppt. Safe Communities of Wright County. St. Michael, Minnesota. Available at http://www.safecomm.org/. Safe Communities: The First Six Months. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/ nhtsa_static_file_downloader.jsp?file=/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Safe Communities/ Articles/PDF Files/FirstSixMonths.pdf. Salt Lake City Corporation. (2000). “Neighborhood Pace Car Program.” Transportation: A Division of Community Development. Accessed April 26, 2006. Available at http://www.ci.slc.ut.us/transportation/TrafficManagement/PACECAR.HTM. VII-7

Sanderson, R. W. (1996). The Need for Cost-Effective Guidelines to Enhance Truck Safety. Presented to the Transportation Association of Canada Conference. Schneider, G. “Safety Groups Decry Power Pitches.” The Washington Post. 5 Aug 2004, Page A01. School Zone Safety Improvement Program. Available online at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/outreach/safedige/Fall1997/n5-25.html. Smith, D., and McIntyre, J. (November 2002). Handbook of Simplified Practice for Traffic Studies. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University. Smooth Operator Program. Available at http://www.smoothoperatorprogram.com/. Speed Check Services: Safer, Smoother Traffic Flows. Available at http://www.speedcheck. co.uk/index.htm. Website accessed on June 13, 2006. Steinbrecher, J. (1992). Restructuring of town entrances on roads classified as major road safety in Europe. VTI Rapport, No. 380A, Part 4, pp 17–31. Linköping, Sweden: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute. Stuster, J. (June 2001). Albuquerque Police Department’s Safe Streets Program. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Taylor, M. “CHP Keeps the Pace along I-680 ‘Zero Tolerance’ of Speeding Driven Home to Motorists.” San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 2004. Available at http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/ article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/07/06/BAG0C7H48L1.DTL. Traffic Calming—Federal Highway Administration. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ environment/tcalm/. Page last edited February 26, 2002. TrafficCalming.org—Fehr & Peers Transportation Consultants. (2005). Available at http://www.trafficcalming.org. Traffic Calming for Communities—Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2008). Available at http://www.ite.org/traffic/. TranSafety. (1998). “Study Reports on the Effectiveness of Photo Radar and Speed Display Boards.” Road Injury Prevention and Litigation Journal. Available at http://www.usroads.com/ journals/p/rilj/9805/ri980504.htm. Ullman, G. L., Carlson, P. J., and Trout, N. D. (2000). “Effect of the Work Zone Double-Fine Law in Texas.” In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1715. Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C., pp. 24–29. United Kingdom National Speed Camera Database. Available at http://www.speedcamerasuk.com/SPECS.htm. Website accessed on June 13, 2006. U.S. Mayors Best Practices Database. (1996). “Traffic Circles and Chicanes: an Effective, Popular Response to Neighborhood Traffic Concerns.” City of Seattle, Washington. Available at http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/best_practices/traffic/best_traffic_initiative_seattle.htm. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Traffic Calming Benefits, Costs, and Equity Impacts. Available at http://www.vtpi.org/calming.pdf. December 7, 1999. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-8

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