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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 637
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Guidelines for Dowel Alignment
in Concrete Pavements
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
VICE CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
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Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
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EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
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National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
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*Membership as of February 2009.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 637
Guidelines for Dowel Alignment
in Concrete Pavements
Lev Khazanovich
Kyle Hoegh
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Minneapolis, MN
Mark Snyder
CONSULTANT
Bridgeville, PA
Subject Areas
Pavement Design, Management, and Performance · Materials and Construction
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 637
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 10-69
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN: 978-0-309-11785-2
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2009928687
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2009 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 637
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Margaret B. Hagood, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 10-69 PANEL
Field of Materials and Construction--Area of Specifications,
Procedures, and Practices
John Butterfield, Utah DOT, Salt Lake City, UT (Chair)
Mohamed K. Elfino, Virginia DOT, Richmond, VA
Geoffrey Hall, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD
Randy K. Pace, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh, NC
Joe P. Palic, Kansas DOT, Marion, KS
Thomas A. Pyle, California DOT, Sacramento, CA
Leif Wathne, American Concrete Pavement Association, Washington, DC
Samuel S. Tyson, FHWA Liaison
Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 10-69 by the Department of Civil
Engineering at the University of Minnesota (UMN), Applied Research Associates Inc. (ARA), and Mark
Snyder. UMN was the Prime Contractor, with ARA as a subcontractor, and Mark Snyder serving as a
consultant.
Dr. Lev Khazanovich, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at UMN, was the Principal Investigator.
The other authors of this report are Kyle Hoegh, Research Assistant at UMN, and Mark Snyder, Consul-
tant. Other contributors include Shreenath Rao, Senior Engineer at ARA; Priyam Saxena, Research Assis-
tant at UMN; Alex Gotlif, Staff Engineer at ARA; and Iliya Yut, Research Assistant at UMN. The work was
done under the general supervision of Dr. Khazanovich.
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FOREWORD
By Amir N. Hanna
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report presents proposed guidelines for dowel alignment in concrete pavements.
These guidelines deal with the effects of dowel misalignment on performance and the
measures for reducing misalignment and its adverse effect. The report will guide pave-
ment and construction engineers in considering dowel misalignment in pavement design
and identifying measures for reducing misalignment during construction or for dealing
with misaligned dowels. The information contained in the report will be of immediate
interest to state engineers and others concerned with concrete pavement design and
construction.
Dowels are used in jointed portland cement concrete pavements to provide load transfer,
reduce faulting, and improve performance. These dowels are placed either manually before
concrete placement or during construction by automatic dowel bar inserters to expedite
construction and reduce cost. Inspection of pavements in several states revealed that mis-
alignment of dowels generally occurs regardless of the placement method. These inspections
also revealed that slab cracking and other forms of distress may not always occur as a result
of such misalignment. However, limited research has been performed to determine the
extent of dowel misalignment in pavement construction and its effect on performance. Thus
research was needed to (1) address the issues associated with dowel alignment and to
develop approaches for estimating the effects of different levels and types of misalignment
on performance, (2) identify a methodology for considering misalignment in the design of
concrete pavements, and (3) prepare guidelines on dowel alignment appropriate for use in
performance related specifications.
Under NCHRP Project 10-69, "Guidelines for Dowel Alignment in Concrete Pave-
ments," University of Minnesota worked with the objective of recommending guidelines for
dowel alignment in concrete pavements that consider the ranges of misalignment encoun-
tered during construction and the effects of misalignment on performance, and present a
rational approach for considering misalignment in the analysis and design process. These
guidelines were to address all forms and combinations of dowel misalignment. To accom-
plish this objective, the researchers reviewed available information pertaining to the align-
ment of dowels in concrete pavements, conducted measurements on more than 35,000
dowels in 17 states, investigated the effects of dowel misalignment on pavement perfor-
mance in a series of laboratory tests, and calibrated a finite element model to facilitate the
analysis of misalignment effects on performance. Based on this work, the researchers pro-
posed a methodology for considering dowel misalignment in pavement design and analy-
sis and provided related guidelines. The proposed methodology and guidelines will be par-
ticularly useful to highway agencies because their use will facilitate the consideration of
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misalignment in pavement design and help reduce misalignment during construction and
mitigate its adverse effects.
Appendixes A through D contained in the research agency's final report provide detailed
information on the literature review, laboratory and field test results, and finite element
analysis. These appendixes are not published herein; but they are available online at
http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=10299. These appendixes are titled as follows:
Appendix A: Review of Literature and Other Relevant Information
Appendix B: Field Testing Results
Appendix C: Laboratory Testing Results
Appendix D: Finite Element Analysis
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CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Background
1 1.1 Problem Statement
1 1.2 Scope of Study
2 Chapter 2 Research Methodology
2 2.1 Introduction
4 2.2 Dowel Misalignment Assessment
6 2.3 Research Approach
15 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications
15 3.1 Field Testing
20 3.2 Laboratory Testing
23 3.3 Analytical Modeling
24 3.4 Pavement Performance Modeling
31 3.5 Examples of Application of The Equivalency Concept
34 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research
34 4.1 Conclusions
35 4.2 Suggested Research
36 References
38 Attachment A Recommended Guidelines for Dowel
Alignment in Concrete Pavements
49 Appendixes
