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46 10. Has your jurisdiction completed any studies to determine the impact of roadside litter on tourism, economic development, etc.? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Please attach studies to the completed survey. No, but at least one study is in progress No, but we are planning to do a study No, and there are no plans to conduct any studies at this time Not sure/Do not know PART 3: GENERAL 11. Which organizations and individuals (e.g., other government agencies/departments, trucking associations, beverage container manufacturers, volunteer groups, etc.) collaborate with the DOT on anti- littering efforts? (Provide a list below.) 12. Does the DOT have an anti-littering slogan? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: _______________________________________________________________________ No, but one is in development No, but we are considering one No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 13. Does the DOT have an anti-littering website? (Check one only.) Yes ÆURL: _______________________________________________________________________ No, but one is in development No, but we are considering one No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 14. What are the sources of funding for your roadside anti-littering programs? (Provide a list below.)
47 15a. Are you a Keep America Beautiful affiliate, or a sponsor of Pitch-In Canada? (Check one only.) Yes, Keep America Beautiful Yes, Pitch-In Canada No Not sure/Do not know 15b. Are you a member or affiliate of any other national anti-littering organization? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: _______________________________________________________________________ No Not sure/Do not know PART 4: LEGISLATION 16. What is your jurisdiction's definition of "littering"? 17. In your jurisdiction, is littering a civil or criminal offence? (Check one only.) Civil offence only Criminal offence only Both civil and criminal offence Not sure/Do not know 18. In your jurisdiction, is littering a strict liability offence1? (Check one only.) Yes No, but we are in the process of adopting this legislation No, but we are considering this legislation No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 1 Strict liability, also known as absolute liability, is liability without regard to fault or negligence. Strict liability as it applies to littering means that under the law the sole question is whether littering occurred there is no relief from guilt/liability by arguing the littering was unintentional or the littering could not have been prevented by exercising reasonable care.
48 19. Does your jurisdiction have presumptive evidentiary rules, where the offender can be inferred from specific indications of ownership found in the litter (e.g., a piece of correspondence with a name and address), or where the owner of a vehicle is deemed to be the offender if litter is seen being discharged from an identified moving vehicle? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: _____________________________________________________________________ No, but we are in the process of adopting these rules No, but these rules are under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 20a. In your jurisdiction, what are the penalties for roadside littering? (Check all that apply.) Monetary fine Demerit points on drivers license Imprisonment Forfeiture of motor vehicle used in littering Community service Revoke or suspend vehicle registration until littering violation is resolved Restitution or restitution costs Publish names of offenders Other Æ Specify: _______________________________________________________ 20b. Please provide details (e.g., amounts or times) for each applicable penalty cited in Question 20a. 21. Does your jurisdiction have a special docket or environment court to facilitate the processing of littering citations? (Check one only.) Yes No, but one is being developed No, but one is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know
49 22. Does your jurisdiction have any of the following litter taxes? (Check one per row.) do not know Considering developed Not sure/ Being Yes No a. Beverage container deposit/refund legislation (i.e., "Bottle bill") b. Tax on litter-generating industries (Specify which ones): ___________________________________________________ c. Tax on "hard-to-dispose-of" materials and products (Specify which ones): ___________________________________________________ d. Other (Specify): ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 23. Does your jurisdiction have any other legislation regarding littering and anti-littering that applies to roadside littering? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: ___________________________________________________________________ No, but legislation is being developed No, but legislation is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know PART 5: ENFORCEMENT 24. Who is responsible for enforcing the litter laws on your jurisdictions roads? (Check all that apply.) State/Provincial police Local police Designated State officials Æ Specify:______________________________________________________ Other ÆSpecify:______________________________________________________________________ 25. On average, how often does your jurisdiction carry out enforcement campaigns that are specific to littering or illegal dumping at the roadside? (Check one only.) Never Less than once a year Once a year Twice a year Three times a year More than three times a year
50 26. Does your jurisdiction's litter law permit enforcement personnel to arrest offenders without a warrant? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify circumstances: ___________________________________________________________ No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 27. Does your jurisdiction provide regular targeted enforcement for any of the following? (Check all that apply.) Specific vehicle types (e.g., waste haulers, pick-up trucks, etc.) Specific litter "hot spots" (e.g., rest areas, routes to landfills, etc.) Other ÆSpecify:____________________________________________________________________ 28. Does your jurisdiction have a "litter hotline" where citizens can report roadside littering? (Check one only.) Yes No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 29. Does your jurisdiction have a reward/incentive program to encourage citizens to report roadside littering? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: __________________________________________________________ No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know PART 6: EDUCATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 30. Does the DOT provide litter/trash receptacles on the roadsides? (Check one only.) Yes ÆWhich locations (e.g., freeway off-ramps)?____________________________________________ No, but this program is being developed No, but this program is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know
51 31. Does the DOT use a litter/trash receptacle that has been enhanced or embellished (e.g., painted a distinctive colour, or made in a distinctive shape)? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: _____________________________________________________________________ No, but one is being developed No, but one is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 32. Is there a policy or law governing how often the receptacles are to be emptied? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Specify: _____________________________________________________________________ No, but one is being developed No, but one is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 33. Does the DOT use any of the following products to reduce roadside litter? (Check one per row.) do not know Considering developed Not sure/ Being Yes No a. State/Provincial litter bags b. Pledge cards c. Posters d. Educational videos e. Colouring books f. Bumper stickers g. Billboards h. Lapel pins i. Other promotional items Æ Specify: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
52 34. Does the DOT employ any of the following mediums to advertise roadside litter laws and/or programs? (Check one per row.) Do not know Considering developed Not sure/ Being Yes No a. Public service announcements on television b. Public service announcements on radio c. Newspaper and/or magazine advertisements d. Advertisements on websites other than State/Provincial DOT e. Billboards f. Roadside signs concerning littering fines g. Direct mail of flyers or brochures h. Including litter law information on State/Provincial forms (i.e., motor vehicle registration or driver license renewals) i. Other mediums Æ Specify: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 35. To which groups does the DOT direct anti-littering educational and encouragement programs/ campaigns? (Check one per row) Do not know Considering developed Not sure/ Being Yes No a. Elementary school children b. High school students c. College and/or University students d. Trucking associations e. Waste haulers f. Others Æ Specify: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 36. Does the DOT offer anti-littering scholarships or grants to individuals or groups? (Check one only) Yes Æ Please attach details to the completed survey No, but these are being developed No, but these are under consideration No, we are not considering these at this time Not sure/Do not know
53 37. Does the DOT have an awards program or similar program to recognize significant contributions to roadside litter reduction? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Please attach details to the completed survey No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 38. Does the DOT have "cover your load" or spill prevention measures in place for private vehicle owners? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Please attach details to the completed survey No, but these are being developed No, but these are under consideration No, we are considering these at this time Not sure/Do not know 39. Do landfills and transfer stations have the ability to refuse loads that are not properly covered or secured? (Check one only.) Yes No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 40. Which of the following programs are employed in your jurisdiction for roadside litter collection? (Check one per row.) Do not know Considering developed Not sure/ Being Yes No a. Adopt-a-Highway b. Sponsor-a-Highway c. Assign-a-Highway d. Prison work crews e. Youth offenders f. Community service g. Other Æ Specify: ________________________________________
54 41. Does the DOT (or a contractor) routinely collect roadside litter prior to conducting roadside mowing? (Check one only.) Yes No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know 42. Based on your experience and/or local research, which anti-litter practices are most successful at reducing roadside litter? 43. In your opinion, what are the key elements of a successful roadside anti-littering program? PART 7: PERFORMANCE MEASURES 44. How often does your jurisdiction conduct a roadside litter survey? (Check one only.) Twice per year or more frequently Once a year Once every two years Once every three years Less frequently than once every three years Never Not sure/do not know
55 45. How often does your jurisdiction conduct behaviours and/or attitudes surveys concerning roadside littering? (Check one only.) Once a year or more frequently Once every two years Once every three years Less frequently than once every three years Never Not sure/do not know 46. Other than through roadside litter surveys and/or attitudes surveys, has your jurisdiction ever measured the effectiveness of any of your anti-littering programs? (Check one only.) Yes Æ Please attach details and results to the completed survey No, but this is being developed No, but this is under consideration No, this is not something we are considering at this time Not sure/Do not know END OF QUESTIONNAIRE Please return the completed questionnaire by Friday, June 6, 2008 via e-mail, fax, or postal mail to: Gerry Forbes E-mail: gerry@intus.ca Intus Road Safety Engineering Inc. Fax: 905-332-9777 RR 2 2606 Bluffs Way Milton, ON L9T 2X6 CANADA Thank you for your participation!
56 APPENDIX B Survey Responses PART 1: CONTACT INFORMATION Agencies that responded to the survey: United States Canada Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Manitoba Infrastructure and Transportation Facilities Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation & Works Arizona Department of Transportation Ontario Ministry of Transportation California Department of Transportation Prince Edward Island Department of Transportation and Public Works Connecticut Department of Transportation Quebec Ministere des Transport Delaware Department of Transportation Saskatchewan Highways Florida Department of Transportation Yukon Territories Department of Highways and Public Works Indiana Department of Transportation Iowa Department of Transportation Kansas Department of Transportation Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Louisiana Department of Transportation Maryland State Highway Administration Michigan Department of Transportation Minnesota Department of Transportation Mississippi Department of Transportation Missouri Department of Transportation Montana Department of Transportation Nevada Department of Transportation New Hampshire Department of Transportation New Mexico Department of Transportation Ohio Department of Transportation Oregon Department of Transportation Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Tennessee Department of Transportation Texas Department of Transportation Utah Department of Transportation Vermont Agency of Transportation Virginia Department of Transportation Washington State Department of Ecology Wisconsin Department of Transportation Wyoming Department of Transportation
57 PART 2: SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 8. Please provide your jurisdiction's statistical data concerning roadside littering for the three years indicated below. Year 2007 2006 2005 a. How many citations were issued for littering Range: Range: Range: and illegal dumping on roadways and 1 to 1,746 0 to 9,655 0 to 10,294 roadsides in your jurisdiction? Avg: Avg: Avg: (N = 7 for 2007, N = 9 for 2006, N = 8 for 418 1,857 2,067 2005) b. How many of the citations indicated above Range: Range: Range: resulted in convictions? 1 to 1,519 0 to 1,603 0 to 1,097 (N = 5 for 2007, N = 5 for 2006, N =5 for Avg: Avg: Avg: 2005) 320 338 234 c. How many centreline-miles of road are under Range: Range: Range: your jurisdiction? 1,366 to 148,216 1,366 to 57,483 1,366 to 57,867 (N = 34 for 2007, N = 29 for 2006, N = 29 for Avg: 20,512 Avg: Avg: 14,050 2005) 14,012 d. How much litter was collected from the Responses varied Responses Responses varied roadways and roadsides in your jurisdiction? in reporting varied in in reporting (N = 18 for 2007, N = 16 for 2006, N = 16 for number of bags, reporting number of bags, 2005) pounds, cubic number of bags, pounds, cubic yards, etc. pounds, cubic yards, etc. yards, etc. e. What is the DOT's annual expense for litter Range: Range: Range: collection on roadways and roadsides in your $35,000 to $30,000 to $30,000 to jurisdiction? $62,000,000 $55,000,000 $42,000,000 (N = 26 for 2007, N = 25 for 2006, N = 23 for Avg: $6,048,841 Avg: Avg: 2005) $5,841,701 $5,143,111 f. What is the DOT's annual expense for Range: Range: Range: disposal of litter that was collected on $5,000 to $5,000 to $5,000 to roadways and roadsides in your jurisdiction? $400,000 $400,000 $335,410 (N = 6 for 2007, N = 5 for 2006, N = 5 for Avg: Avg: Avg: 2005) $159,695 $221,192 $215,922 g. How many workers or volunteers have been Range: 0 to 2 Range: 0 to 6 Range: 0 to 4 injured while collecting roadside trash (e.g., struck by vehicle, cut by broken glass, etc.)? (N = 8 for 2007, N = 7 for 2006, N = 7 for 2005) There is no standardized manner in which roadside litter is counted/measured. DOTs reported the quantity of litter collected by weight, volume, area, truckloads, and bags. Numerous respondents indicated that the cost of litter disposal is not separated from the cost of litter collection, and was included in the cost reported in 8e. One of the respondents indicated that the expense for the disposal of litter is "waived". Another respondent provided a cost of $17/kilometre ($27/mile). The majority of respondents did not report or did not know the number of injuries sustained by workers or volunteers collecting roadside trash.
58 9. Who collects the litter from roadways and roadsides in your jurisdiction? N = 39 Number of Responses Percentage DOT 35 90 State police 4 10 Private contractor 18 46 Other agencies under contract (i.e., 10 26 Conservation Corps, Division of Forestry) Volunteer groups 36 92 Prison work crews 25 64 Individuals conducting community 23 59 service Other 7 18 10. Has your jurisdiction completed any studies to determine the impact of roadside litter on tourism, economic development, etc.? N = 39 Percentage Of All Excl. DK Number of Responses (N = 39) (N = 35) Yes 7 18 20 No, but at least one study is in 1 3 3 progress No, but we are planning to do a study 1 3 3 No, and there are no plans to conduct 26 67 74 any studies at this time Not sure/Do not know 4 10 -- PART 3: GENERAL 11. Which organizations and individuals (e.g., other government agencies/departments, trucking associations, beverage container manufacturers, volunteer groups, etc.) collaborate with the DOT on anti-littering efforts?
