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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14272.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14272.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14272.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14272.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 www.TRB.org N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 626 Subject Areas Materials and Construction NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction Harold L. Von Quintus Chetana Rao APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. Champaign, IL Robert E. Minchin, Jr. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville, FL Soheil Nazarian UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO El Paso, TX Kenneth R. Maser INFRASENSE, INC. Arlington, MA A N D Brian Prowell NATIONAL CENTER FOR ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY Auburn, AL Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 626 Project 10-65 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN: 978-0-309-11777-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2009902460 © 2009 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 626 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Kami Cabral, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 10-65 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of Specifications, Procedures, and Practices Jimmy W. Brumfield, Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc., Jackson, MS (Chair) Terrie Bressette, California DOT, Sacramento, CA Bouzid Choubane, Florida DOT, Gainesville, FL Gregory S. Cleveland, HDR, Inc., Pflugerville, TX Ronald Cominsky, Pennsylvania Asphalt Pavement Association, Harrisburg, PA Roger L. Green, Ohio DOT, Columbus, OH Larry L. Michael, Hagerstown, MD Stefan A. Romanoschi, University of Texas - Arlington, Arlington, TX Kim A. Willoughby, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA Katherine A. Petros, FHWA Liaison Victor “Lee” Gallivan, Other Liaison David E. Newcomb, Other Liaison Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

This report contains the findings of research performed to investigate the application of nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies in the quality assurance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement construction. The report contains the results and analyses of the research performed and presents several key products, notably a recommended manual of practice with guidelines for implementing selected NDT technologies in an agency’s routine quality assurance (QA) program for HMA pavement construction and detailed test methods for the recommended NDT technologies. Thus, the report will be of immediate interest to con- struction and materials engineers in state highway agencies and the private sector. Test methods used for in-place quality assurance of individual HMA and unbound pave- ment layers have changed little in past decades. Such quality assurance programs typically rely on nuclear density measurements or the results of testing conducted on pavement cores. Roughness measurements are often used to confirm that the newly constructed pave- ment has an adequate initial smoothness. More recently, NDT methods, including lasers, ground-penetrating radar, falling weight deflectometers, penetrometers, and infrared and seismic technologies, have been signifi- cantly improved and have shown potential for use in the quality assurance of HMA pave- ment construction. Furthermore, the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) uses pavement layer stiffness modulus as a key material property for design of new and rehabilitated HMA pavements. The availability of this tool to predict pavement performance will lead to increased measurement of layer moduli by owner agencies, an activity that has not been a typical component in the past for HMA project acceptance. This research had two objectives. The first was to conduct a comprehensive field experi- ment to determine the effectiveness and practicality of promising, existing NDT technolo- gies for the evaluation of the quality of unbound and bound pavement layers during or immediately after placement or for acceptance of the entire HMA pavement at its comple- tion. The second objective was to prepare a recommended manual of practice and test meth- ods for those NDT technologies judged ready for implementation by AASHTO. The research identified several NDT technologies with the potential for immediate imple- mentation in a quality assurance program of HMA pavement construction, including that of individual HMA, base, and subgrade layers. This was assessed based on (1) the ability to accurately identify construction anomalies and (2) the ability to predict material properties indicative of pavement performance. The GeoGauge is the device recommended for esti- mating the modulus of unbound layers, while the portable seismic pavement analyzer (PSPA) is recommended for estimating the modulus of HMA layers. The PaveTracker is also recommended for use in establishing and confirming the rolling pattern for HMA layers. F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

These recommendations do not mean that other NDT devices included in the evaluation— e.g., the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), ground penetrating radar (GPR), the electri- cal density gauge (EDG), and the pavement quality indicator (PQI)—do not provide use- ful data for pavement and materials testing purposes. Several of these devices demonstrated distinct benefits and advantages that are documented in this report for routine pavement evaluation, but were judged to require additional development or evaluation before they are fully implemented in routine practice for QA of HMA pavements. The research was performed by Applied Research Associates, Inc. The report fully docu- ments the research leading to the recommended manual of practice and NDT methods. The recommendations are under consideration for possible adoption by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Construction and Subcommittee on Materials.

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 1 Introduction 2 NDT Devices Included in the Field Evaluation 7 Projects and Materials Included in the Field Evaluation 8 Field Evaluation of NDT Devices 18 Conclusions 21 Recommendations 23 Data Interpretation and Application 24 Chapter 1 Applicability of NDT Technologies on Construction Projects 24 1.1 Ultrasonic—PSPA and DSPA 26 1.2 Steady-State Vibratory—GeoGauge 27 1.3 Deflection-Based Methods 30 1.4 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer 31 1.5 Ground Penetrating Radar 33 1.6 Electric Current/Electronic Methods 35 1.7 Intelligent Compactors/Rollers with Mounted Response Measuring Devices 36 1.8 Summary of Process Impact 38 Chapter 2 Materials Testing for Construction Quality Determination 38 2.1 Identification of Material Anomalies and Differences 42 2.2 Estimating Target Modulus Values 51 2.3 Accuracy and Precision 57 2.4 Comparison of Results Between NDT Technologies 67 2.5 Supplemental Comparisons 74 2.6 Summary of Evaluations 80 Chapter 3 Construction Quality Determination 80 3.1 Quality Control and Acceptance Application 80 3.2 Control Limits for Statistical Control Charts 81 3.3 Parameters for Determining PWL 84 References 85 Appendix A Glossary 87 Appendix B Volume 1—Procedural Manual

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described herein was performed under NCHRP Project 10-65 by the Transportation Sec- tor of Applied Research Associates (ARA), Inc. Mr. Harold L. Von Quintus served as the Principal Inves- tigator on the project. Mr. Von Quintus was assisted by Dr. Chetana Rao of ARA as the Project Manager and Engineer on the team. The team also included Richard Stubstad of ARA; Dr. Kenneth Maser with Infrasense; Dr. Soheil Nazarian, with the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP); Mr. Brian Prowell with the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT); and Dr. Edward Minchin with the University of Florida, Gainesville. In addition, the project team was supported by several individuals who conducted field testing, includ- ing Mr. Ajay S. Singh, Mr. Brandon Artis, and Mr. David Goodin from ARA; Mr. Manuel Celaya from UTEP; and Mr. Dennis Andersen from EDG, LLC. Dr. Brian Prowell from NCAT and Dr. Allen Cooley from BCD, Inc., provided oversight for laboratory testing of asphalt and unbound materials, respectively. Dr. Buzz Powell assisted with coordinating field tests at the NCAT test track during the construction of the test tracks. Mr. Brandon Von Quintus, Mr. Ajay Singh, and Mr. Mark Stanley of ARA assisted with development of databases for field test results and in preparation of field notes from test sites. Ms. Robin Jones, Ms. Jaime DeCaro, and Ms. Alicia Pitlik provided editorial review, final report formatting, and tab- ulation of appendices, respectively. The project team also appreciates and acknowledges the support and technical assistance of various agency and contractor personnel, as well as representatives from nondestructive testing equipment man- ufacturers who were involved in the construction and testing of pavement structures and mixtures included in various phases of the project. Those individuals directly involved in the coordination and con- struction of the projects included in the field testing plan are listed as follows: Minnesota: Mr. John Siekmier (Minnesota DOT), Mr. Art Bolland (Minnesota DOT), Mr. Chris Dun- nick (Dunnick Brothers) Alabama: Ms. Sharon Fuller (Alabama DOT), Mr. Andy Carol (Scott Bridge Company), East Alabama Paving Texas: Mr. Tom Scullion (Texas Transportation Institute), Mr. Gregory Cleveland (Texas DOT), Mr. James Klotz (Texas DOT), Mr. Tim Wade (Texas Turnpike Authority), Dr. Weng-On Tam (Avlis Engineering), Texas Lone Star Infrastructure Missouri: Mr. John Donahue (Missouri DOT), Mr. Tim Hellebusch (Missouri DOT) North Dakota: Mr. Bryon Fuchs (North Dakota DOT), Mr. Joel Wilt (North Dakota DOT), Mr. Greg Semenko (North Dakota DOT) Ohio: Mr. Roger Green (Ohio DOT), Mr. Brian French (Ohio DOT) NDT Devices and IC Rollers: Mr. Chris Connelly (BOMAG), Mr. Jeff Fox (Ammann), Mr. Christopher Dumas (FHWA), Mr. Bob Horan (Salut), Mr. Scott Fielder (Humbolt Scientific, Inc. [Part A testing]), Mr. Melvin Main (Humboldt Scientific, Inc. [Part B testing]), Mr. William Beck, (Dynatest), Caterpillar, Fugro/CarlBro, Transtech Systems Inc., Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 626: NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction explores the application of nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies in the quality assurance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement construction. Supplementary material to NCHRP Report 626 was published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 133: Supporting Materials for NCHRP Report 626

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