NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction (2009)

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85 Abbreviations and Nomenclature AAD Average Absolute Deviation AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ADCP Automated Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ASNT American Society of Nondestructive Testing ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BCI Base Curvature Index CBR California Bearing Ratio CCC Continuous Compaction Control CMV Compaction Meter Value CT Circular Texture DBP Deflection Basin Parameter DCP Dynamic Cone Penetrometer DMI Distance Measuring Instrument DOT Department of Transportation EDG Electrical Density Gauge EPIC Electronic Pavement Infrastructure, Inc. EMAT Electromagnetic-Acoustic Transducer FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communication Commission FFT Fast Fourier Transform FHWA Federal Highway Administration FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer GDP German Dynamic Plate GPR Ground Penetrating Radar HMA Hot Mix Asphalt HWD Heavy Weight Deflectometer IC Intelligent Compaction IE Impact Echo IR Infrared IV Impact Value JMF Job Mix Formula KTC Kentucky Transportation Center LCL Lower Control Limit LSL Lower Specification Limit LTPP Long Term Pavement Performance LWD Light Weight Deflectometer M-D Moisture-Density M-E Mechanistic-Empirical MEPDG Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide MMA Machine Milled Accelerometer MnROAD Minnesota Road Research MTV Material Transfer Vehicle NCAT National Center for Asphalt Technology NDE Nondestructive Evaluation NDT Nondestructive Testing ODMS Onboard Density Measuring System OGFC Open-Graded Friction Course OMV Oscillo-Meter-Value PATB Permeable Asphalt Treated Base PCA Pavement Composition Analysis PCC Portland Cement Concrete PFWD Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer PG Performance Grade PQI Pavement Quality Indicator PR Penetration Rate PRS Performance Related Specification PSPA Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer PTA Pavement Thickness Analysis PVA Pavement Void Analysis PWL Percent Within Limits QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QC/QA Quality Control/Quality Acceptance RAP Recycled Asphalt Pavement RCP Relative Compaction Profile RDD Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer ROSAN Road Surface Analyzer RTRRM Response Type Road Roughness Meter RWD Rolling Wheel Deflectometer SASW Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program A P P E N D I X A Glossary

86 SMA Stone Matrix Asphalt SPA Seismic Pavement Analyzer SPL Standard Plate Load SPS Special Pavement Studies SSG Soil Stiffness Gauge (now referred to as the GeoGauge) SSR Subgrade Stress Ratio TDR Time Domain Reflectometry TF Transfer Function TFT TRL Foundation Tester TTI Texas Transportation Index UBW Ultrasonic Body Wave UCL Upper Control Limit USL Upper Specification Limit USW Ultrasonic Surface Wave VMA Voids in Mineral Aggregate VTM Voids in Total Mix Terms and Symbols a = Acceleration AGPR = Amplitude of the reflection from the top of the layer aGPR = Regression coefficient from calibration of GPR data using cores Apl = Amplitude of the reflection from a metal plate bGPR = Regression coefficient from calibration of GPR data using cores CBR = California Bearing Ratio C = Damping coefficient Clay = Percent clay in the soil D = Depth of the reflector E = Young’s or elastic modulus E = Emissivity of an object Evib = Dynamic stiffness under vibratory loading f = frequency fr = Resonance frequency G = Shear modulus IV = Impact Value k1,2,3 = Regression constants from resilient modulus tests K = Spring stiffness Lr = Wave length LL = Liquid limit M = Constrained or Bulk modulus MR = Resilient Modulus N = Phase spectrum pa = Atmospheric pressure, psi P3/8 = Percent passing the 3/8 in. sieve P#4 = Percent passing the number 4 sieve P#40 = Percent passing the number 40 sieve P#200 = Percent passing the number 200 sieve PI = Plasticity index PR = Penetration rate (from DCP) Q = Radiation emitted from an object Silt = Percent silt in a soil t = Travel time of a wave between the source and receiver tGPR = Time delay between the reflections from the top and bottom of the layer from GPR readings TIR = Absolute temperature of an object To[IR] = Absolute temperature of the surroundings TF = Transfer function V = Velocity of object from vibrations VGPR = Velocity from GPR reflection VP = Compression wave velocity VR = Rayleigh (surface) wave velocity VS = Shear wave velocity ws = Water content of the soil wopt = Optimum water content of the soil; AASHTO T 180 X = Receiver spacing X(f) = FFT of the hammer input Y(f) = FFT of the receiver output Δ = Displacement a[GPR] = Dielectric constant of the layer s[GPR] = Dielectric constant of surface layer θ = Bulk stress Φ = Phase angle or shift ρ = Mass density σ1,2,3 = Principal stress σIR = Stefan-Boltzman constant τoct = Octahedral shear stress λ = Lame’s constant γ = Density of layer γMax = Maximum dry density of a material, AASHTO T 180 γs = Dry density of a material ν = Poisson’s ratio