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Infectious diseases of mice and rats / Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. Commission on Life Sciences. National Research Council.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-309-06332-9
1. Mice—Infections. 2. Rats—Infections. 3. Laboratory animals—Infections. 4. Mice as laboratory animals. 5. Rats as laboratory animals. I. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.) Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats.
[DNLM: 1. Animals, Laboratory. 2. Communicable Diseases—veterinary. 3. Mice. 4. Rats. QY 60.R6 I43]
SF996.5.I54 1990
636'.93233—dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 90-6152
CIP
Copyright © 1991 by the National Academy of Sciences
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the United States Government.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, May 1991
Second Printing, May 1997
Third Printing, November 1998
COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF MICE AND RATS
J. Russell Lindsey,
Department of Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
(Chairman)
Gary A. Boorman,
Chemical Pathology Branch, Toxicological Research and Testing Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Michael J. Collins, Jr.,
Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, NCI, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland
Chao-Kuang Hsu,
Smith Kline Animal Health Products, West Chester, Pennsylvania
Gerald L. Van Hoosier, Jr.,
Division of Animal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Joseph E. Wagner,
Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
Staff
Dorothy D. Greenhouse, Senior Program Officer
Bernadette M. Marriott, Staff Officer
Sybil A. Paige, Administrative Secretary
Thomas L. Wolfle, Director
The Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) was founded in 1952 under the auspices of the National Research Council. Its mission is to provide expert counsel to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the public on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of laboratory animals within the context of the interests and mission of the National Academy of Sciences. ILAR promotes the high-quality humane care of laboratory animals; the appropriate use of laboratory animals; and the exploration of alternatives in research, testing, and teaching.
INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
Steven P. Pakes,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
(Chairman)
June R. Aprille,
Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
Melvin W. Balk,
Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Washington, Massachusetts
Douglas M. Bowden,
Washington Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Lester M. Crawford,
Food Safety and Inspection Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Thomas J. Gill III,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Alan M. Goldberg,
School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Jon W. Gordon,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
Margaret Z. Jones,
Department of Pathology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, Michigan
Michael D. Kastello,
Merck Sharp & Dohme, Rahway, New Jersey
Robert H. Purcell,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
J. Wesley Robb,
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
John L. VandeBerg,
Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Staff
Thomas L. Wolfle, Director
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Bruce M. Alberts,
University of California, San Francisco, California
(Chairman)
Bruce N. Ames,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Francisco J. Ayala,
University of California, Irvine, California
J. Michael Bishop,
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California
Michael T. Clegg,
University of California, Riverside, California
Glenn A. Crosby,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Freeman J. Dyson,
The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Leroy E. Hood,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
Donald F. Hornig,
Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Ernest G. Jaworski,
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
Marian E. Koshland,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Richard E. Lenski,
University of California, Riverside, California
Steven P. Pakes,
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
Emil A. Pfitzer,
Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey
Joseph E. Rall,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Richard D. Remington,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Paul G. Risser,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Harold M. Schmeck, Jr.,
Armonk, New York
Richard B. Setlow,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
Carla J. Shatz,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Torsten N. Wiesel,
Rockefeller University, New York, New York
Staff
John E. Burris, Executive Director
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PREFACE
Progress in biomedical science leads inexorably to greater refinements in scientific methodologies. In recent years it has become apparent that further refinement is needed in the quality of laboratory mice and rats. The scientific community has increasingly recognized that infectious diseases in these species significantly alter many research results. Unfortunately, the literature on this subject is voluminous, scattered, and often confusing, with the result that its practical application has been disappointing. Additional material on control of infections in immunodeficient rodents can be found in Immunodeficient Rodents: A Guide to Their Immunobiology, Husbandry, and Use, 1989, report of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) Committee on Immunologically Compromised Rodents (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 246 pp.).
This text is an expansion of the newly revised second edition of the Companion Guide to Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats. It is intended to serve as a detailed reference of principles, methods, and facts to be applied by biomedical scientists in improving the quality of animals required in individual research settings. The expanded text is written for students of infectious disease and for investigators and veterinarians who want more detail than that contained in the companion guide. There are three main parts. Part I, "Principles of Rodent Disease Prevention," summarizes the basic concepts and practices of infectious disease exclusion and detection, and gives data on the prevalence of infectious agents in contemporary rodent populations. Part II, "Individual Disease Agents and Their Effects on
Research," gives in a synoptic format the factual information deemed most pertinent to understanding the importance, epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of natural infections due to each agent, complete with a listing of the known instances in which each agent has interfered with research. Part III, "Indexes to Diagnosis and Research Complications of Infectious Agents," contains tabular information intended for use as an aid to diagnostic problem solving.
Many people have contributed to the compilation of the information in this report. The outlines in Part II were patterned after those in the first edition of the handbook, but have been extensively revised by one of us (J. R. L.) through many years of teaching a course on diseases of laboratory animals and have been further revised by this committee. The many contributions of the faculty and students in the Department of Comparative Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham are gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the following gave invaluable advice on specific agents: Drs. Gail H. Cassell and Jerry K. Davis, University of Alabama at Birmingham (mycoplasmal infections); Dr. C. A. Bruggeman, Department of Medical Microbiology, State University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands (rat cytomegalovirus); Dr. Steven W. Barthold, Yale University (mouse hepatitis virus); Dr. Steven L. Vonderfecht, Johns Hopkins University (rat rotavirus-like agent); Dr. James R. Ganaway, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (Bacillus piliformis); Dr. Anton M. Allen, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (mousepox); and Dr. Lizbeth M. Kraft, National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. (poxviruses of rats). Dr. Kenneth Boschert, formerly a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, assisted with compiling information for the diagnostic indexes in Part III. Drs. Fred Quimby and Melvin Balk provided review at each stage of preparation for the ILAR Council. Special gratitude is due Ms. Doris Whatley and Ms. Audrey Farrow, who typed the manuscript through numerous revisions.