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47 REFERENCES 1. Report Card for America's Infrastructure, American 16. ELTECH, "Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., 2001. Bridge Elements: A State-of-the-Art Report," SHRP- 2. Koch, G.H., M.P.H. Brongers, N.G. Thompson, Y.P. S-337, Strategic Highway Research Program/National Virmani, and J.H. Payer, Corrosion Costs and Preventive Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1993, 89 pp. Strategies in the United States, Report FHWA-RD-01-156, 17. Manning, D.G. and J. Ryell, A Strategy for the Rehabilita- Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va., 2002. tion of Concrete Bride Decks, Ontario Ministry of Trans- 3. "Showing Their Age: The Nation's Bridges at 40 (TRIP)," portation, Toronto, Canada, 1979. In The Road Information Program, TRIP, Washington, 18. Manning, D.G. and D.H. Bye, Bridge Deck Rehabilitation D.C., 2002. Manual, Part Two: Contract Preparation, Ontario Min- 4. Barnhart, R.A., FHWA Position on Cathodic Protection, istry of Transportation and Communications, Toronto, In Memorandum, Federal Highway Administration, Canada, 1984. Washington, D.C., 1982. 19. Saner, J.L., Zinc Anodes to Control Bridge Deck Deteri- 5. Stratfull, R.F., "Progress Report on Inhibiting the Cor- oration, Report FHWA-IL-PR-69, Federal Highway rosion of Steel in a Reinforced Concrete Bridge," Cor- Administration, Washington, D.C., 1977, 20 pp. rosion, Vol. 15, No. 6, 1959, p. 331. 20. Whiting, D. and D. Stark, NCHRP Report 234: Galvanic 6. Stratfull, R.F., Preliminary Investigation of Cathodic Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Protection of a Bridge Deck, Caltrans, Sacramento, 1973. Decks: Field Evaluation, Transportation Research Board, [Online] Available: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hg/research/ National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1981, researchreports/1973/bridgedeck.pdf. 63 pp. 7. Han, M., K. Snyder, and M.J. Simon, Cathodic Protection 21. Clear, K.C., FCP Annual Progress Report for Period of Concrete Bridge Components, Quarterly Report SHRP- Ending September 30, 1981--Project 4K, Federal 87-C-C102B, Strategic Highway Research Program/ Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1981. National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989. 22. Fromm, H.J. and F. Pianca, An Evaluation of Platinized 8. Broomfield, J. and J.S. Tinnea, Cathodic Protection of Niobium Wire Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Bridge Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components, SHRP-C/ Support Structures, Ontario Ministry of Transportation UWP-92-618, Strategic Highway Research Program/ and Communications, Toronto, Canada, 1981. National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1992. 23. Stratfull, R.F., "Criteria for the Cathodic Protection 9. 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Sohanghpurwala, A. and R. Jamieson, Evaluation of Washington, D.C., 1982. Alternate Power Sources for Impressed Current Cathodic 26. Sohanghpurwala, A., Annual Report 2005: Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Deck Slabs, Maine Protection Maintenance I-64 Charleston, West Virginia, Department of Transportation, Augusta, 2007. CONCORR, Inc., Sterling, Va., 2006. 13. "Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing 27. Sohanghpurwala, A.A. and W.T. Scannell, Long-Term Steel in Atmospherically Exposed Concrete Struc- Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection Systems on Highway tures," In NACE Standard RP0290-2000 Item #21043, Structures, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Va., 2000. Tex., 2000. 28. Perenchio, W.E., J.R. Landgren, K.C. Clear, and R.E. 14. Jurach, P.J., An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of West, NCHRP Report 278: Cathodic Protection of Con- Cathodic Protection on Seven Bridge Decks, Division of crete Bridge Structures, Transportation Research Board, Project Development, California Department of Trans- National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1985, portation, Sacramento, 1981. 60 pp. 15. Jackson, D.R., Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Con- 29. Swait, W.J. and J.B. Bushman, Further Improvements in crete Decks, DP-34, Federal Highway Administration, Cathodic Protection, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1982. Washington, D.C., 1989.

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48 30. Broomfield, J., P. Langford, and R. McAnoy, "Practical Concrete Bridge Pilings in a Marine Environment," In Aspects of Control by Cathodic Protection," In GCC CORROSION 94, NACE, Houston, Tex., 1994. Seminar, London, England, 1987. 44. Hartt, W., I.R. Lasa, and R.G. Powers, Jacketing and 31. Ellis, W.J., Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Struc- Jacket-Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems for tures, NCHRP Project 12-19, Transportation Research Marine Pilings, Florida Department of Transportation, Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Gainesville. 1980, not published. 45. Bennett, J.E. and C. Firlotte, "A Zinc/Hydrogel System 32. Brown, R.P. and R.J. Kessler, "Paper Number 179: for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Struc- A New Concept in Cathodic Protection of Steel in tures," In Corrosion 96, NACE, Denver, Colo., 1996. Concrete--The Use of Conductive Materials," In COR- 46. Funahashi, M. and W.T. Young, Field Evaluation of a ROSION 83, NACE, Anaheim, Calif., 1983. New Aluminum Alloy as a Sacrificial Anode for Steel 33. Manning, D.G. and H. Shell, Substructure Cathodic Embedded in Concrete, Federal Highway Administra- Protection in Ontario: Field Trials 1982­1986, Ontario tion, Washington, D.C., 1998. Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Toronto, 47. Weyers, R.E., B.D. Prowell, M.M. Sprinkel, and Canada, 1987. M. Vorster, Concrete Bridge Protection, Repair, and 34. Sharp, S.R. and M.C. Brown, "Survey of Cathodic Pro- Rehabilitation Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion: A tection Systems on Virginia Bridges," in FHWA/VTRC Methods Application Manual, SHRP-S-360, Strategic 07-R35, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Highway Research Program/National Research Council, Charlottesville, 2007. Washington, D.C., 1993, 268 pp. 35. Daily, S.F., "Paper Number 130: Results of an Experi- 48. Sohanghpurwala, A.A., NCHRP Report 558: Manual mental Cathodic Protection Installation Using Conduc- on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Con- tive Coating Systems," In CORROSION 87, NACE, San crete Bridge Superstructure Elements, Transportation Francisco, Calif., 1987. Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, 36. Apostolos, J.A., D.M. Parks, and R.A. Carello, "Paper D.C., 2006 Number 137: Cathodic Protection Using Metalized 49. Sohanghpurwala, A. and W. Scannell, "Designing Catho- Zinc: A 3.5 Year Progress Report," In CORROSION 87, dic Protection Systems with Optimal Current Distribu- NACE, San Francisco, Calif., 1987. tion," In Corrosion 1992, NACE, Nashville, Tenn., 1992. 37. Carello, R.A., D.M. Parks, and J.A. Apostolos, Devel- 50. Sohanghpurwala, A. and W. Scannell, Long-Term Per- opment, Testing and Field Application of Metalized formance of Cathodic Protection Systems on Highway Cathodic Protection Coatings on Reinforced Concrete Structures, FHWA Report RD-01-096, Federal High- Substructures, California Department of Transportation, way Administration, Washington, D.C., 2003. Sacramento, 1989. 51. Broomfield, J. and J. Tinnea, Cathodic Protection of 38. Kessler, R.J., R.G. Powers, and I.R. Lasa, "An Update Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components, SHRP-C/ on the Long Term Use of Cathodic Protection of Steel UWP-92-618, Strategic Highway Research Program/ Reinforced Concrete Marine Structures," In CORRO- National Research Council, 1992, 78 pp. SION 2002, NACE, Denver, Colo., 2002. 52. To Study and Disseminate Information Concerning Catho- 39. Kessler, R.J. and R.G. Powers, "Conductive Rubber as dic Protection, Technology Exchange Group XRCC, an Impressed Current Anode for Cathodic Protection of National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Nashville, Steel Reinforced Concrete," In CORROSION 89, Tenn., 2007. NACE, New Orleans, La., 1989. 53. Kessler, R.J., R.G. Powers, and I.R. Lasa, "Case Studies 40. Martin, B.L. and J.E. Bennett, "An Activated Titanium of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems for Mesh Anode for Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing Marine Reinforced Concrete Structures in Florida," In Steel in Concrete," In CORROSION 87, NACE, San CORROSION 2006, NACE, San Diego, Calif., 2006. Francisco, Calif., 1987. 54. Bullard, S.J., S.D. Cramer, B.S. Covino, G.R. Holcomb, 41. Clemena, C.G. and D.R. Jackson, Cathodic Protection of M. Ziomek-Moroz, C.B. Cryer, and M.L. 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