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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 22
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Helping Airport
and Air Carrier Employees
Cope with Traumatic Events
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ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Independent Consultant VICE CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Jeff Hamiel
MinneapolisSt. Paul MEMBERS
Metropolitan Airports Commission
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
MEMBERS Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
James Crites Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
DallasFort Worth International Airport Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Richard de Neufville Norfolk, VA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin C. Dolliole
Unison Consulting
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
John K. Duval Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Beverly Municipal Airport Virginia, Charlottesville
Kitty Freidheim Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Freidheim Consulting Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Steve Grossman
Oakland International Airport
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Tom Jensen Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
National Safe Skies Alliance Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Catherine M. Lang Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Federal Aviation Administration Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Gina Marie Lindsey
Los Angeles World Airports Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Carolyn Motz Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Hagerstown Regional Airport Rosa Clausell Rountree, CEOGeneral Manager, Transroute International Canada Services, Inc.,
Richard Tucker Pitt Meadows, BC
Huntsville International Airport Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Sabrina Johnson Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
Richard Marchi
Airports Council International--North America
Laura McKee EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Air Transport Association of America Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Henry Ogrodzinski
National Association of State Aviation Officials Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
American Association of Airport Executives Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Transportation Research Board University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
James E. Caponiti, Acting Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY
Cynthia Douglass, Acting Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Christopher W. Jenks Administration, U.S.DOT
Transportation Research Board
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
Rose A. McMurry, Acting Deputy Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Ronald Medford, Acting Deputy Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Jeffrey F. Paniati, Acting Deputy Administrator and Executive Director, Federal Highway Administration,
U.S.DOT
Peter Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2009. *Membership as of June 2009.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 22
Helping Airport
and Air Carrier Employees
Cope with Traumatic Events
Kimberly A. Kenville
Rosanne B. McBride
James A. Higgins
Thomas V. Petros
Warren C. Jensen
Eleanor Yurkovich
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA
Grand Forks, ND
Subject Areas
Planning and Administration · Safety and Human Performance · Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 22
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 06-01
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN 978-0-309-11797-5
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2009934848
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2009 Transportation Research Board
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative
Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- completeness of the project reporting.
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 22
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager
Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Maria Sabin Crawford, Assistant Editor
ACRP PROJECT 06-01 PANEL
Field of Human Resources
Ken Jenkins, American Airlines, Fort Worth, TX (Chair)
Amy Armstrong, Metropolitan Nashville Airport Authority, Nashville, TN
Stephen Formanski, US Department of Health and Human Services, Philadelphia, PA
Tom Murphy, Human Resiliency Institute at Fordham University, Bellingham, WA
Chris Rhoads, The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey--LaGuardia Airport, Flushing, NY
Jaya Varma, VA Medical Center, St. Cloud, MN
Bruce Landry, FAA Liaison
Sharon W. Bryson, National Transportation Safety Board Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 06-01 by the Department(s) of
Aviation, Psychology, Medicine and Nursing at the University of North Dakota (UND). UND was the
contractor for this study, with the Office of Research, Development and Compliance serving as the
Fiscal Administrator.
Dr. Kimberly A. Kenville, C.M., Associate Professor of Aviation was the Principal Investigator and Proj-
ect Director. The co-authors of this report are Dr. Rosanne B. McBride, Assistant Professor of Family &
Community Medicine; Mr. James A. Higgins, Assistant Professor of Aviation; Dr. Thomas V. Petros, Pro-
fessor and Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor of Psychology; Dr. Warren C. Jensen, Professor of Avi-
ation and Aerospace Medical Examiner; and Dr. Eleanor Yurkovich, Professor of Nursing.
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FOREWORD
By Theresia H. Schatz
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 22: Helping Airport and Air Carrier Employees Cope with Traumatic Events
is a resource manual that provides valuable insight and practical guidance to address the dif-
ficult emotional and psychological implications in response and exposure to traumatic
events. These traumatic events can be the result of human-made accidents, acts of terrorism,
or natural disasters that have occurred at, in the vicinity of, or resulting from the operation
of an air carrier at an airport.
This resource manual will be of assistance and value to airport management and
administrative staff responsible for the well-being of their employees. For those airport
and air carrier staff with first-hand experience in preparing for, responding to, and manag-
ing human-made or natural disaster events, this resource manual will be helpful in their
advance planning and mitigating the emotional impacts before, during and after such trau-
matic events. It will serve as a guide to help understand and recognize the symptoms and
signs for directing help to those impacted and how they may develop the resiliency to over-
come the trauma. This manual will also be of help to representatives of agencies and other
notable national, regional, or local entities directly involved with the psychological impact
of similar events.
Human resiliency or the ability to bounce back after a psychological set-back is a valu-
able commodity for airports and air carriers. Catastrophic events, such as human-made
accidents or attacks or natural disaster events can have long-term effects on employees
that may disrupt their ability to perform even routine tasks. The ability of airport and
air carrier employees to recover from a disastrous event with minimal psychological
trauma is critical to business productivity and continuity of operations. Thus, there is a
need to promote human resiliency among airports and air carriers. It was determined
that research is needed to further guide airports and air carriers to enhance employees'
ability to cope with the psychological effects of a traumatic event. Airports and air car-
riers can then adopt strategies and implement a variety of practices before, during, and
after such events to improve and ensure employees' ability to cope with the event. This
approach can mitigate the psychological effects of a traumatic event and expedite a
return to normal operations.
The objective of this research was to develop a resource manual of human-impact
considerations and practices for airport and air carrier managers related to human-made
accidents or attacks, or natural disaster events. The manual rationalizes the need for air-
port and air carrier preparedness and describes critical considerations and steps that can
be taken to mitigate employee psychological trauma before, during, and after such dis-
tressing events.
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Under ACRP Project 06-01, the University of North Dakota conducted this research to
address the critical issues faced by the airport and air carrier employees in reaction to, and
their ability to maintain resiliency in the aftermath of a traumatic event. This topic, formu-
lated under the category of Human Resources, is the first of its kind under the Airport Co-
operative Research Program.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background
3 Introduction
3 Background
4 Disaster Readiness
5 Aviation Requirements--Disaster/Emergency Planning
7 Critical Incident Stress Management--Aviation
8 Procedures Following an Aircraft Disaster
9 Mental Health Options
9 Employees Assistance Programs
10 Organizational Structure and Communication Systems
10 Human Continuity through Crisis
11 What is Psychological Trauma and What Causes It?
12 Psychological Reactions to Traumatic Events
12 Post-Traumatic Stress and Human Reactions to Trauma
13 Early Intervention Issues and Strategies in the Acute Stages Following
a Traumatic Event
14 Treatment Strategies
14 Individual and Community Resilience and Exposure
to Traumatic Circumstances
17 Chapter 2 Recommendations
17 State-of-the-Art Model for Disaster Management
17 Introduction to the Planning Stage
19 Mental Health Recovery Planning and Development
20 Five Essential Intervention Principles
21 Response to Actions to Assist Psychological Recovery
23 Chapter 3 Case Studies
23 1. Airports Helping Airports
24 2. Leadership, Communication, and "Continuity of Care"
26 3. A View from Those with Experience
28 4. Innovative EAP Builds Employee Resilience
29 5. Home Grown Resilience
30 6. Example Mental Health Recovery Plan
40 Appendix A Comprehensive Literature Review
57 Appendix B Research Methodology
59 Appendix C Data Analysis
68 References and Bibliography
73 Acronyms
