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OCR for page R1
NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 640
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Construction and
Maintenance Practices
for Permeable Friction Courses
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
VICE CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
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William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
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Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
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William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
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Peter Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
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*Membership as of June 2009.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 640
Construction and
Maintenance Practices
for Permeable Friction Courses
L. Allen Cooley, Jr.
Jimmy W. Brumfield
BURNS COOLEY DENNIS, INC.
Ridgeland, MS
Rajib B. Mallick
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
Worcester, MA
Walaa S. Mogawer
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
North Dartmouth, MA
Manfred Partl
Lily Poulikakos
EMPA
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Gary Hicks
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO
Chico, CA
Subject Areas
Pavement Design, Management, and Performance · Materials and Construction · Maintenance
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 640
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 09-41
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-11796-8
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2009934826
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2009 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
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The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
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Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 640
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Margaret B. Hagood, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 09-41 PANEL
Field of Materials and Construction--Area of Bituminous Materials
Dale Rand, Texas DOT, Austin, TX
Brad W. Allen, New York State DOT, Albany, NY
James Mahoney, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
Kevin K. McGhee, Virginia DOT, Charlottesville, VA
Joseph F. Peterson, California DOT, Marysville, CA
Ronald A. Sines, Oldcastle Materials, Leominster, MA
Michael Arasteh, FHWA Liaison
Nelson Gibson, FHWA Liaison
Thomas Harman, FHWA Liaison
Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 9-41 by Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc.
of Ridgeland, Mississippi. Dr. Allen Cooley, Senior Materials/Pavements Engineer of Burns Cooley Den-
nis, Inc. was the Principal Investigator. Co-Principal Investigators were Dr. Rajib Mallick of Worcester
Polytechnic Institute and Dr. Walaa Mogawer of the University of Massachusetts. Other contributing
authors were Mr. Jimmy Brumfield of Burns Cooley Dennis, Inc., Manfred Partl and Lily Poulikakos of
EMPA, and Gary Hicks of MACTEC.
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FOREWORD
By Edward T. Harrigan
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report recommends design, construction, and maintenance guidelines for perme-
able friction courses (PFC). It presents recommended practices for (1) design and construc-
tion of PFC and (2) PFC maintenance and rehabilitation. The report will be of immediate
interest to public and private sector engineers with responsibility for the specification, con-
struction, and maintenance of PFC.
Permeable friction courses (PFC), which include new generation open-graded friction
courses (OGFC), asphalt-rubber friction courses, and porous European mixes, have wide use
throughout the southern and western United States. PFC reduces hydroplaning, splash and
spray, and pavement noise, and improves ride quality and the visibility of pavement mark-
ings in wet weather. Properly designed and constructed PFCs are durable and exhibit service
lives of 10 to 14 years. Perhaps the only hindrance to their wider use in cold climates is a con-
cern that, like the OGFC introduced in the 1970s, PFC might be susceptible to freeze-thaw
damage and black ice formation and require more intensive winter maintenance practices.
The objective of this research was to develop practical guidelines for PFC design, con-
struction, and maintenance that maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages
associated with PFC use. A comprehensive, critical review of the worldwide literature on
PFC design, performance, construction, and maintenance was conducted, with attention to
PFC use in cold climates, and worldwide agency practice, and specifications for PFC from
the United States and the rest of the world were surveyed. Based on an analysis of the results
of this review and survey, two key products were prepared: (1) a recommended practice for
materials selection, design, and construction of PFC and (2) a recommended practice for
PFC maintenance and rehabilitation.
The research was performed by Burns Dennis Cooley, Inc. of Ridgeland, Mississippi. The
report fully documents the review and analysis of the highway engineering literature and
agency specifications leading to the recommended practices. The recommendations are
under consideration for possible adoption by the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on
Construction and Subcommittee on Maintenance.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Approach
3 Objective
3 Research Approach
4 Task 1 Conduct a Comprehensive Review of Worldwide Literature
on PFC
4 Task 2 Survey Highway Agencies in the United States and Worldwide
on PFC
4 Task 3 State of Practice for Permeable Friction Courses
4 Task 4 Develop Guidelines on the Design, Construction,
and Maintenance of PFC
5 Task 5 Prepare Final Report
5 Report Organization
6 Chapter 2 Results of Agency Survey
6 General Use and Structural Design
6 General Use
7 Structural Design
8 Mix Design
8 Aggregates
10 Asphalt Binder
12 Stabilizing Additives
13 Mix Design
14 Construction
14 Production
16 Transportation
17 Laydown/Compaction
17 Quality Control/Quality Assurance
18 General Construction Issues
19 Maintenance and Rehabilitation
19 General Maintenance (Non-Winter Related)
19 Winter Maintenance
19 Rehabilitation
20 Performance
21 Survey Summary
24 Chapter 3 Overview of Permeable Friction Courses
25 U.S. Experiences with PFCs
25 European Experiences with PFCs
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26 Chapter 4 Benefits of Permeable Friction Courses
26 Safety Related Benefits
28 Driver Comfort Related Benefits
29 Environmental Benefits
31 Summary
32 Chapter 5 Materials and Mix Design
32 Materials Selection
32 Aggregate Characteristics
33 Asphalt Binders
34 Stabilizing Additives
35 Fillers/Adhesion Agents
36 Selection of Design Gradation
38 Selection of Optimum Binder Content
42 Performance Testing
43 Chapter 6 Inclusion in Structural Design
45 Rational Method of Selecting PFC Lift Thickness
45 Methodology
50 Sensitivity Analysis
53 Discussion of Proposed Methodology
55 Chapter 7 Construction of Permeable Friction Courses
55 Plant Production
55 Aggregates
55 Liquid Asphalt
56 Stabilizing Additives
58 Mixture Production
58 Plant Calibration
58 Plant Production
58 Mixing Time
58 Mixture Storage
58 Transportation
59 Hauling
59 Haul Time
59 Placement
59 Weather Limitations
59 Pavement Surface Preparation
61 Paver Operation
61 Lift Thickness
61 Placement and Finishing
61 Compaction
62 Rolling
62 Density Requirements
62 Quality Control/Quality Assurance
63 Pavement Markings
65 Chapter 8 Maintenance of Permeable Friction Courses
65 General Maintenance
65 Cleaning of Clogged PFC
65 Preventive Surface Maintenance
66 Corrective Surface Maintenance
66 Winter Maintenance
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71 Chapter 9 Rehabilitation of Permeable Friction Courses
73 Chapter 10 Performance of Permeable Friction Courses
73 Typical Distresses with PFC
75 Performance of PFC
75 Service Life
77 Performance Life
78 Performance Measures
79 Chapter 11 Limitations on the Use
of Permeable Friction Courses
81 Chapter 12 Future Research Needs
83 Chapter 13 Conclusions
85 References
88 Appendix A Questionnaire on PFC, Conventional OGFC,
and Similar Materials
G-i Guidelines on the Use of Permeable Friction Courses
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1
SUMMARY
Construction and Maintenance Practices
for Permeable Friction Courses
The objective of this project was to recommend design, construction, maintenance, and
rehabilitation guidelines that will maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages
associated with the use of permeable friction courses (PFCs). The research approach entailed
two primary tasks: an annotated literature review and a survey of state departments of trans-
portation. As no laboratory or field work was conducted as part of this project, a significant
amount of time and effort was spent on the literature review and survey of agencies. Infor-
mation gathered from these two activities was categorized according to the following sub-
jects: general use of PFCs, benefits of the use of PFCs, materials and mix design, inclusion
of PFCs in structural design, construction of PFCs, maintenance of PFCs, rehabilitation of
PFCs, performance of PFCs, and limitations on the use of PFCs.
For each of the subjects listed above, the information gathered from the literature review
and survey of agencies was used to develop a state-of-practice on the use of PFCs. This state
of practice is considered to be representative of practices used around the world, as a signif-
icant amount of literature was obtained and reviewed from other countries. The informa-
tion gathered also was used to develop guidelines on the use of PFCs in order to accomplish
the project objectives.
PFCs have been used since the 1970s. The initial use of PFCs was in Europe. Europeans
took the U.S. version of open-graded friction courses developed in the 1930s through the
1970s and, through research, improved the performance of these mixes. Improvements pri-
marily included the use of modified asphalt binders and fibers. The modified binders and
fibers alleviated some of the problems that were encountered with open-graded friction
courses in the United States.
Benefits realized from the use of PFCs are primarily associated with improved safety.
PFCs have been shown to improve wet weather frictional properties, reduce the potential
for hydroplaning, reduce the amount of splash and spray, and improve visibility. Other ben-
efits identified in the literature included resistance to permanent deformation, smoother
pavements (and, hence, improved fuel economy), reduced tire/pavement noise levels, and
other environmental benefits.
Materials and mix design properties specified for PFCs were obtained from around the
world. Materials used to comprise PFCs are coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, asphalt binders,
and stabilizing additives. Stabilizing additives are used in PFCs to minimize the potential
for draindown because draindown was identified as a major problem with open-graded
friction courses during the 1970s and 1980s. Numerous methods of designing PFC mixes
were identified; based on the information, the design of PFC mixes includes four primary
steps: selection of appropriate materials, selection of a design aggregate gradation, selection
of optimum asphalt binder content, and performance testing.
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82
produced and placed. Performance of the constructed test however, no references were found to substantiate this value.
sections should be monitored over time. A minimum t/mas should be selected based on construction
6. A potential need within the mix design method is another issues. A proper t/mas will allow the PFC to be placed and
method for measuring moisture sensitivity. Past moisture compacted using typical construction procedures while
susceptibility tests, namely tensile strength ratios, have maintaining an appropriate level of permeability. Another
been conducted using Marshall compacted samples. It is element that should be included within this research is
unclear how the Superpave gyratory compactor will affect the influence of lift thickness on the ability of the PFC layer
tensile strength measurements on PFC mixes. Other tests to maintain permeability. Some references indicated that
also have been specified in Europe. Moisture condition- thicker layers of PFC had better self-cleaning characteristics.
ing of Cantabro Abrasion loss samples may prove suc- 9. The final research need related to structural design is to
cessful. Research should be conducted to determine the determine how to account for PFCs in structural capacity.
best method for evaluating moisture resistance of PFCs. There are several aspects that need to be investigated. First
Materials of known moisture performance should be used is the proper method to characterize the properties of PFC
in this research. for use in the Mechanistic-Empirical pavement Design
7. Three issues related to the inclusion of PFCs in pavement Guide. Currently, HMA is characterized using the dynamic
design need to be researched. First, a method for selecting modulus test. However, research is needed to determine
minimum lift thickness was proposed. This method should the needed input values for PFCs. One reference showed
be validated. Validation should include field work to docu- confined testing was appropriate for PFCs; however, no rec-
ment how water flows within a PFC layer. Findings from ommendations were provided for the correct confining
this research can be used to refine the selection procedure pressure. Research should be conducted to determine if the
to prevent water sheets on the PFC surface. Also included dynamic modulus test is the appropriate test and the proper
in the research should be determination of a representative test conditions if it is the appropriate test. The second issue
value for permeability. This research would entail designing related to structural design is the reduced temperatures in
various PFC mixtures and determining the level of perme- layers underlying PFCs. Current temperatures with pave-
ability. These values can be validated by permeability test- ment depth models do not account for the increased stiff-
ing of constructed PFC layers. ness of underlying layers and, hence, increased structural
8. A practical problem related to minimum lift thickness that capacity. Accounting for the increased capacity of under-
needs to be researched is determination of a minimum lift lying layers may improve the cost-benefit of using PFCs,
thickness to maximum aggregate size ratio (t/mas). Within especially combined with all of the other safety benefits real-
this document, a minimum ratio of 2 was approximated; ized when utilizing PFC layers.
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83
CHAPTER 13
Conclusions
The objective of this project was to recommend design, con- included within the design of PFC mixes. Fibers are the
struction, and maintenance guidelines that will maximize the most efficient method for minimizing the potential for
advantages and minimize the disadvantages associated with draindown problems.
PFC use. Within this project, PFCs have been defined as spe- · Inclusion of PFC within the structural capacity of pave-
cialty type open-graded friction courses that are specifically ments varies greatly. Some agencies do not account for
designed to have high air void contents, above 18 percent, for any structural capacity for PFC layers while others assign
removing water from the pavement surface. In order to accom- some percentage of structural capacity of dense-graded
plish the project objectives, a literature review and survey of layer. When characterizing PFC mixes for inclusion of
agencies was conducted. No field or laboratory research was the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide
conducted. Following are conclusions based on the findings of using the dynamic modulus test, a confinement pressure
this research: is needed. Two parameters are important in selecting an
appropriate lift thickness for PFCs: rain intensity and PFC
· The use of PFC layers has many benefits that can be catego- permeability.
rized as related to safety, driver comfort, and environmen- · Construction of PFC mixes is similar to typical dense-
tal. Benefits related to improved safety included reduced graded HMA with some slight modification. The primary
potential for hydroplaning, improved wet weather friction, modification is the need for addition of fibers to the produc-
reduced splash/spray, reduced glare, and improved visibility tion process, if used. Mixing times should be slightly longer
of pavement markings. Benefits related to improved driver than typical mixes to ensure that the stabilizing additives are
comfort include smooth pavements, increased confidence of sufficiently dispersed within the mix. The mix should be
drivers during rain events through the reduced potential for protected from cooling during transportation. At a min-
hydroplaning, reduced splash and spray and reduced glare, imum, tarps should be used to minimize the amount of
and reduced potential for permanent deformation. Benefits cooling that takes place during transportation. Material
related to the environment include smoother pavements, transfer vehicles that remix the PFC before being deposited
thus improved fuel economy, and reduced pavement noise into the paver are desirable. Conventional steel wheel rollers
levels. should be used to compact the PFC. Vibratory rollers should
· The design of PFC mixes contains four primary steps: be discouraged as these rollers have the potential to frac-
1) selection of appropriate materials; 2) selection of a design ture aggregates during compaction. Pneumatic tire rollers
gradation; 3) selection of optimum asphalt binder con- should not be used on PFC layers. Pneumatic tire rollers
tent; and 4) performance testing. The literature indicated tend to pick-up mix during compaction. Typically, two
that angular aggregates having the proper shape are desir- to four passes of a breakdown roller and one to two rolls
able within PFCs. Stiff, modified binders have provided of a finish roller are sufficient to compact PFC layers. The
the best performance. Optimum asphalt binder content goal of compaction is not to achieve a certain density; rather,
should be selected based upon balancing durability and the goal is to seat the aggregates. Roll-down of PFC is about
draindown potential. The Cantabro Abrasion loss test is 10 to 20 percent of the lift thickness.
the most common test method for evaluating the dura- · Cleaning of clogged PFC layers is not a common practice
bility of PFC mixes. Use of the voids in coarse aggregate within the Untied States. General maintenance activities
concept for ensuring stone-on-stone contact should be usually include small patches in localized areas. When
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84
dense-graded mix is used for small patches, the patch should · The most common rehabilitation method for PFC layers
be rotated 45 degrees so that water can flow around the is to mill and replace. There is evidence that overlays should
patch. No evidence was found that fog seals are an effective not be placed over PFC layers without sufficiently sealing
maintenance technique. Winter maintenance activities the PFC layer. Overlays of unsealed PFC layers have shown
vary greatly around the United States and the world. Sev- the propensity for moisture damage within the pavement
eral references were found that indicated that experience structure.
was the best method for developing a winter maintenance · There are few specific limitations on the use of PFCs.
program. The literature was explicit in stating that winter These mixes should not be utilized in areas with large
maintenance of PFC layers is more difficult than for dense- amounts of dirt and debris. This will lead to the PFC lay-
graded layers. PFCs are generally colder than dense-graded ers clogging. PFCs should not be used in areas with high
layers, indicating that PFC layers reach freezing sooner yearly snow fall rates. Winter maintenance can be expen-
than dense-graded layers and stay at freezing temperatures sive in these areas and snowplows have been shown to
longer. As such, more winter maintenance chemicals are damage PFC layers. PFCs should not be used when long
needed for PFCs. When snowplows are employed, rubber- haul distances or haul times are needed. This will allow the
tipped blades have decreased the amount of damage to PFC to cool during transportation and likely cause con-
PFC layers. struction problems.
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85
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APPENDIX A
Questionnaire on PFC, Conventional OGFC,
and Similar Materials
Questionnaire on PFC, Conventional B. Asphalt Binder
OGFC, and Similar Materials 1. What grade of asphalt binder do you specify?
PART 1: General Use and Structural Design 2. Are there other tests that you specify for asphalt binders
other than those required in grading a sample? What is your
A. General Use reason for specifying other tests (e.g., ensure a certain poly-
1. Do you currently use OGFC? mer, ensure polymer is added, etc.)?
If your answer is No, please continue the survey and provide
your input wherever you deem important. C. Stabilizing Additives
2. Based on the above descriptions of PFC and ACFC, which
1. Do you specify stabilizing additives (for example: fibers,
term best describes your OGFC mix? If other, please explain.
polymers, crumb rubber, etc.) to reduce the potential for
3. What is your approximate volume of use per year?
draindown?
4. On what type of roadways do you use OGFC?
2. If the answer to the above question is Yes, what type of
5. What are the factors involved in selection of OGFC for
stabilizing additive do you require?
a roadway?
3. If you specify fibers, what type and percentage do you
6. Are there limitations on where OGFC is used (for example:
require?
elevation, temperature, speed, geometry, etc.)?
4. Do you specify certain polymer modifiers in asphalt binders?
7. Are there any other comments on general use of OGFC?
If so, do you specify a certain type (for example: SBR, SBS,
SB, EVA, etc.)?
B. Structural Design 5. Do you specify crumb rubber in asphalt binders? If so,
1. Do you assign any structural value to the OGFC layer? what type and what manufacturing process do you specify?
2. If answer to the above question is Yes, how do you estimate
structural value? If other, please explain: D. Mix Design
3. Do you specify a single lift thickness for all OGFC layers? 1. Do you use laboratory compaction during mix design?
4. If the answer to the above question is No, what factors are 2. If yes, what compaction method (e.g., Marshall, Super-
involved in selecting lift thickness (for example: maximum pave gyratory compactor, etc.) and compactive effort (e.g.,
aggregate size, rainfall intensity, pavement classification, 50 blows per face, 50 gyrations, etc.) do you use?
traffic level, etc.)? 3. Do you include draindown testing within the mix design
procedure? If yes, what method do you specify (e.g.,
PART 2: Mix Design draindown basket, Schellenberger, etc.) and what are the
requirements?
Mix Design 4. Do you include permeability testing within the mix design
procedure? If yes, what method do you specify and what
A. Aggregates
are the requirements?
1. Can you provide your current gradation requirements for 5. Do you specify other laboratory performance tests during
OGFC? mix design (e.g., Cantabro Abrasion loss, Voids in Coarse
2. Please rank from 1 to 7 the following aggregate character- Aggregate, permanent deformation testing, moisture
istics for use in OGFC in order of their importance, 1 being susceptibility test, permeability, etc.) and what are the
the most important. requirements?
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6. If you specify the tensile strength ratio test for moisture D. Quality Control/Quality Assurance
susceptibility, how many freeze-thaw cycles do you utilize
to condition the samples? 1. What tests do you require for Quality Control/Quality
7. Please provide any other comments on materials and mix Assurance of OGFC?
design for OGFC?
E. General Construction Issues
PART 3: Construction
1. What materials do you utilize for OGFC pavement
A. Production markings?
2. Do you construct rumble strips at the OGFC pavement
1. How do you specify OGFC?
edge?
2. What type of plants are used to produce OGFC?
3. Do you require a longer mixing time for OGFC mixes than 3. Have you experienced any distress related to pavement
for dense-graded mixes? markings and rumble strips? If Yes, please explain.
4. Do you have a maximum and/or minimum temperature
requirement for mixing? PART 4: Maintenance and Rehabilitation
5. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify.
6. Do you have a limit on silo storage time? A. General Maintenance (Non-Winter Related)
7. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 1. What are your most common general maintenance issues
for OGFC?
B. Transportation 2. Do you have any regularly scheduled maintenance activi-
1. Do you limit haul distances? ties specifically for OGFC?
2. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 3. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify.
3. Do you require insulated trucks? 4. Do you employ maintenance activities to unclog OGFC
4. Do you specify tarping of trucks? pavements?
5. Do you require heated trucks? 5. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify.
6. Do you specify a minimum temperature when the truck 6. Do you use any field test to identify when general mainte-
reaches the paving site? nance activities are required?
7. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 7. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify.
8. Do you allow the use of release agents? 8. Do you patch OGFC?
9. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 9. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify the type
of material you use (e.g., dense-graded HMA, OGFC, etc.).
C. Laydown/Compaction
1. Do you require a Material Transfer Vehicle? B. Winter Maintenance
2. Do you require a tack coat on the underlying layer? 1. Do you use any type of weather prediction system for
3. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify type and
winter maintenance activities?
rate, with units.
2. What weather conditions (for example: air temperature,
4. Do you require a calibrated distributor truck to apply the
snow, rain, etc.) trigger winter maintenance?
tack coat?
3. What type(s) of snow and ice control chemicals do you use?
5. Do you require any other techniques to ensure an imper-
meable underlying layer besides using tack coat (for exam- 4. Do you employ anti-icing methodologies?
ple: seal coat, paving fabric, SAMI, etc.)? 5. What are the typical spread rates for snow and ice control
6. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. chemicals for your dense graded mixes?
7. Do you have a minimum specified air and/or surface 6. What are the typical spread rates for snow and ice control
temperature for placing OGFC? chemicals for your OGFC mixes?
8. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify.
9. How do you specify compaction of OGFC layer? C. Rehabilitation
10. Do you specify a certain type of roller?
11. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 1. What typical problems trigger rehabilitation activities?
12. Do you allow tacking of the vertical face of longitudinal 2. For the problems listed above, what are the typical rehabil-
joints? itation activities (for example: mill and replace)?
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3. Are you aware of any known or perceived problem with 3. Please rank the following performance characteristics
any of the above maintenance/rehabilitation techniques from 1 to 7 in terms of their importance, 1 being the most
of OGFC? important.
4. If answer to above question is Yes, please specify. 4. What tests/equipment have you used to measure perfor-
mance quality characteristics (laboratory or field)?
5. Has your agency conducted life cycle cost analysis for
PART 5: Performance
OGFC?
1. What is the estimated average service life of OGFC?
2. What are common distresses in OGFC and which one is
the most common?
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Guidelines on the Use of
Permeable Friction Courses
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CONTENTS
G-1 Introduction
G-2 Objective
G-2 Report Organization
G-3 Standard Practice for Materials, Design
and Construction of Permeable
Friction Courses
G-20 Standard Method of Test for Determining
the Abrasion Loss of Permeable Friction
Course (PFC) Asphalt Specimens by the
Cantabro Procedure
G-26 Standard Practice for Maintenance and
Rehabilitation of Permeable Friction
Courses (PFC)
