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ANNEX E
Hazard Identification Tools
Table 38 provides summary descriptions of a selection of hazard identification and hazard
analysis tools. This information was obtained from the FAA Safety Management System Manual
(2004)(13), which also provides more detailed information about the tools' utility and use.
164
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Hazard Identification Tools 165
Table 38. Hazard analysis tools.
Tool or Method Summary Description
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) Uses Functional Analysis to determine "what"
a system (e.g., equipment procedures or
operations) must do to complete a mission or
higher function. The failure or anomalous
behavior of these functions is identified as
a hazard and ranked according to severity
based on its operational effect.
Fault/Failure Hazard Analysis Tool to identify and evaluate component
hazard modes, determine causes of these
hazards, and determine resultant effects
to the subsystem and its operation.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Hypothesizes failure events, which impact
(FMEA) and Failure Modes, Effects, and the operation or system. These events are
Criticality Analysis (FMECA) identified as hazards. Often used as an input
to a sub-system hazard analysis.
Operations Analysis This provides an itemized sequence of events
or flow diagrams depicting the major events of
an operation or system. Failure or anomalous
behavior in these events is identified as
a hazard.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) The PHA provides an initial overview of the
hazards present in the overall flow of the
operation. It provides a hazard assessment
that is broad, but not usually deep.
"What if..." Tool The "what if..." tool is a brainstorming method.
It is designed to add discipline and structure
to the experiential and intuitive expertise
of operational personnel.
Scenario Process Tool This tool diagrams events in their logical
relationships. These events or their anomalous
behavior are identified as hazards.
Change Analysis Identifies planned and potential unplanned
changes to a system (e.g., operation,
equipment, or procedure). Hazards are then
identified using one of the other tools.
Cause and Effect Tool Also known as the "fish bone" and Ishikawa
Diagram. This is a variation of the Logic
Diagram. Effects are depicted as horizontal
lines with causes entering the effect line
diagonally (like a fish bone). The result is
the hazard.
Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Tool Highly structured hazard identification
tool. It uses a standard set of guide terms
that are then linked to a tailored set of
process terms. Each link is evaluated for its
validity. Valid links are identified as
hazards.
Mapping Tool Also known as Map Analysis and Zonal Safety
Analysis. Uses models and schematics to
identify and evaluate hazards and hazard
causes. Depicts energies and sources of
hazards relative to vulnerable entities.
Interface Analysis Used to discover the hazardous linkages
between interfacing systems.
Accident and Incident Analysis Uses data on recorded hazardous events.
These events are grouped in various ways
according to a pre-established criteria
usually a common cause or outcome. The
groupings are identified as hazards.
(continued on next page)
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166 Safety Management Systems for Airports
Table 38. (Continued).
Tool or Method Summary Description
Interview Tool Knowledgeable operational personnel are
queried or interviewed confidentially. They are
asked to freely describe things that have gone
or could go wrong in a system.
Inspection Tool Also called the Survey Tool. Hazards are
identified by direct observation of a system.
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) Used to examine the safety of a single job
in detail. The job is broken down into
individual stages. Each stage is then
analyzed for events associated with that
stage that can go wrong. These events
are identified as hazards.
Opportunity Assessment Identifies opportunities for expansion of an
organization's capabilities. Risk-related barriers
to this expansion are identified as hazards.
The hazards are then risk managed.
Energy Trace-Barrier Analysis (ETBA) Highly structured. Documents all energy
sources in system. The energy sources are
identified as hazards. Barrier between the
energy sources and the operators,
maintainers, and other systems are
identified as mitigations.
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Similar to a negative Logic Diagram but
with the addition of terms (and, or,
and/or, exclusion) that aid in the
assessment of probability.
Multi-Linear Event Sequencing (MES) Tool Also called the timeline tool and the
sequential time event plot (STEP). Used to
detect hazards from the time relationship
between various operational or systemic
events.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree Very structured and time consuming. Very
(MORT) detailed logic diagram useful for assessing
the highest risks and most operational
critical activities.
FAA Operational Support Test and Multi-step process used by all FAA
Evaluation (T&E) Gold Standard for secondary maintenance organizations to
National design, develop, test and evaluate, and
Airspace Systems Hardware and deliver hardware and software
Software Modifications modifications to existing operational NAS
systems. This process ensures that existing
functionality is maintained and that
modifications add new capability or
improve existing capability. All safety
significant functionality is verified with
each delivered product baseline.
