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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 634
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Texturing of Concrete Pavements
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
VICE CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Rosa Clausell Rountree, CEOGeneral Manager, Transroute International Canada Services, Inc., Pitt Meadows, BC
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
James E. Caponiti, Acting Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Cynthia Douglass, Acting Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Rose A. McMurry, Acting Deputy Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Ronald Medford, Acting Deputy Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Jeffrey F. Paniati, Acting Deputy Administrator and Executive Director, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2009.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 634
Texturing of Concrete Pavements
J. W. Hall
K. L. Smith
AND
P. Littleton
APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC.
Vicksburg, MS
Subject Areas
Materials and Construction
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 634
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 10-67
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-11792-0
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2009933398
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2009 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 634
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 10-67 PANEL
Field of Materials and Construction--Area of Specifications,
Procedures, and Practices
Thomas M. Hearne, Jr., North Carolina DOT, Harrisburg, NC (Chair)
Brad W. Allen, New York State DOT, Albany, NY
James W. Mack, CEMEX, Houston, TX
Matthew W. Mueller, Illinois DOT, Springfield, IL
Thomas A. Pyle, California DOT, Sacramento, CA
J. Jeffrey Seiders, Jr., Texas DOT, Austin, TX
John H. Tenison, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Albuquerque, NM
Roger L. Wayson, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
Mark Swanlund, FHWA Liaison
Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Amir N. Hanna
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report presents a recommended process for determining the type of concrete pave-
ment texture that should be used for a specific highway project. The process considers the
effects of texture type on friction and noise characteristics. The report will guide pavement
and construction engineers in identifying and specifying textures for concrete pavements
that will provide adequate surface characteristics. The information contained in the report
will be of immediate interest to state engineers and others concerned with concrete pave-
ment design and construction.
Tining--a means of texturing newly constructed concrete pavements--is generally per-
formed to enhance pavement-surface macro-texture to improve pavement-surface fric-
tional characteristics and reduce potential for hydroplaning, skidding, and wet-weather
crashes. However, there has been a concern that tining has evolved without adequate con-
sideration of the effects on noise generation, long-term durability, smoothness, con-
structibility, pavement serviceability, and cost-effectiveness. Other options for texturing
concrete pavements might provide better performance and yield environmental and eco-
nomic benefits. Furthermore, no widely accepted guidelines or procedures for identifying
and selecting methods of texturing concrete pavements that consider relevant technical,
environmental, economic, and safety issues are available. Thus, research was needed to
develop a rational procedure for use by highway agency personnel in identifying and select-
ing texturing methods that will provide adequate surface characteristics for concrete pave-
ments.
Under NCHRP Project 10-67, "Texturing of Concrete Pavements," Applied Research
Associates, Inc., worked with the objective of recommending appropriate methods for tex-
turing concrete pavements for specific applications and ranges of climatic, site, and traffic
conditions. These methods were to include tining and other means of texturing fresh and
hardened concrete so as to enhance surface frictional characteristics. To accomplish this
objective, the researchers reviewed available information on methods for texturing concrete
pavements; conducted texture, friction, and noise measurements on in-service pavements
in 13 states; identified textures likely to provide adequate surface characteristics; and inves-
tigated these textures through in-service measurements on specially constructed sections in
a paving project. Based on this work, the researchers proposed a process for determining
the type of texture that should be used for a specific highway project. The proposed process
will be particularly useful to highway agencies because its use will help identify textures that
will provide adequate surface characteristics for concrete pavements.
Appendixes A through F contained in the research agency's final report provide detailed
information on the literature review, test results, and data analysis, as well as a sample spec-
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ification for texture. These appendixes are not published herein; but they are available on
the TRB website. These appendixes are titled as follows:
Appendix A: State-of-the-Practice in Concrete Pavement Texturing
Appendix B: Report on Highway Agency and Industry Interviews
Appendix C: Existing Texture Test Sections
Appendix D: Texture, Friction, and Noise Results for Existing Test Sections
Appendix E: Texture, Friction, and Noise Results for Newly Constructed Test Sections
Appendix F: Sample Specifications for Texture
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
5 Chapter 1 Introduction
5 Background
5 Description of the Problem
6 Project Objectives and Scope
6 Work Approach
6 Overview of Report
7 Chapter 2 State of the Practice
7 Literature Review
7 State and Industry Interviews
7 State-of-the-Practice Summary
14 Chapter 3 Evaluation of Existing Texture Test Sections
14 Test Section Selection
14 Collection of Pavement Data
18 Test Section Descriptions
18 Texture, Friction, and Noise Testing of Existing Texture Test Sections
20 Agency-Supplied Friction Data
20 Texture, Friction, and Noise Test Results
27 Chapter 4 Construction and Evaluation of New Test Sections
27 Selecting Surface Textures for Detailed Evaluation
27 Identification of a Candidate Paving Project
27 Project Overview
27 Construction of New Test Sections
30 Collection of Concrete Data
35 Texture, Friction, and Noise Test Procedures
38 Texture, Friction, and Noise Test Results
40 Chapter 5 Data Analysis
41 Spectral Analyses
48 Comparative/Qualitative Analyses
72 Statistical Analyses
79 Texture Construction Analyses
81 Chapter 6 Texture Selection Process
81 Texture Selection
90 Example Application of Texture Selection Process
90 Texture Construction Specifications and Practices
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92 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations
for Future Research
92 Conclusions
93 Recommendations for Future Research
94 References
96 Abbreviations and Acronyms
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AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research described herein was performed under NCHRP Project 10-67 by the Transportation Sec-
tor of Applied Research Associates (ARA), Inc. Dr. Jim W. Hall, Jr., was the Principal Investigator for the
study.
Dr. Hall was supported in the research by ARA Research Engineers Mr. Kelly Smith, Mr. Paul Littleton,
Dr. Shreenath Rao, and by former ARA Research Engineer Mr. Lynn Evans. Four project consultants--
Dr. James Wambold (CDRM, Inc. and Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Penn State Uni-
versity), Dr. David Kuemmel (D.A. Kuemmel Consulting Engineers and Adjunct Professor at Marquette
University), Mr. John Jaeckel (HNTB Corporation), and Mr. David Wittwer (United Paving Contractors,
Inc.)--also contributed significantly to the study.
The authors gratefully acknowledge those individuals from state departments of transportation
(DOTs), industry organizations, and academia who participated in the interviews and/or provided impor-
tant information and documentation for this project. The authors also express their gratitude to the Ari-
zona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, North
Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin DOTs for accommodating the data collection requests and the field testing
on pavement test sections in their respective states.
Grateful recognition also goes to the Illinois Tollway for sponsoring the construction of texture test sec-
tions on the I-355 South Extension, as well as to the various entities who were actively involved in the con-
struction of those sections, including H.W. Lochner, Inc. (construction consultant), K-Five Construction
Co. (PCC paving contractor), Everest Engineering (quality assurance/quality control testing), and Qual-
ity Saw and Seal, Inc. (subcontractor, diamond grinding and grooving).
Finally, the team would like to acknowledge the following individuals and agencies who provided direct
or indirect assistance in the testing of texture test sections:
· Dr. J.J. Henry--Provision of DF Tester and CT Meter equipment for testing of in-place test
sections, and training in the use of the DF Tester and CT Meter, including data collection,
troubleshooting, data transfer, and data analysis.
· Dr. Paul Donavan--Calibration testing of SI noise measuring system with Illingworth & Rod-
kin (I&R) SI system.
· Dr. Susanne Aref (Aref Consulting Group)--Statistical consulting and analyses using the
SAS® statistical software.
· Mr. Curt Beckemeyer and Mr. Bill Vavrik (ARA, Inc.)--Soliciting and securing the partici-
pation of the Illinois Tollway in the texture construction demonstration.
· National Center for Asphalt Testing (NCAT)--DF Tester and CT Meter testing of both in-
service and newly constructed test sections.
· International Cybernetics Corporation (ICC)--Provision, servicing, and calibration testing
of ICC MDR 4081-T high-speed 64 kHz laser texture measurement system, and ASTM E 274
locked-wheel friction testing of new texture test sections.
· Dynatest Consulting, Inc.--ASTM E 274 locked-wheel friction testing of new texture test
sections.
· Bruel & Kjaer--Training on the setup and use of the B&K PULSE analyzer and sound inten-
sity (SI) measurement system, and the PULSE noise evaluation software and hardware.
· G.R.A.S. Sound and Vibration--Acoustical expertise and supply of phase-matched sound
intensity microphones, free-field microphones, pre-amplifiers, and cables.
· Goodyear and Michelin Tire Companies--Supply of standard reference test tires.
