National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Glossary
Page 57
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14325.
×
Page 57
Page 58
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14325.
×
Page 58
Page 59
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14325.
×
Page 59
Page 60
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14325.
×
Page 60

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

57 1. Pavement Management Guide, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2001, 254 pp. 2. The Data Warehousing Institute, Renton, Wash. [Online]. Available: http://www.twdi.org [accessed Mar. 31, 2008]. 3. Flintsch, G.W., R. Dymond, and J. Collura, NCHRP Syn- thesis of Highway Practice 335: Pavement Management Applications Using Geographic Information Systems, Transportation Research Board, National Research Coun- cil, Washington, D.C., 2004, 75 pp. 4. Guidelines on Pavement Management, American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1990, 45 pp. 5. Haas, R., W.R. Hudson, and J.P. Zaniewski, Modern Pavement Management, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Fla., 1994. 6. McGhee, K.H., NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Prac- tice 334: Automated Pavement Distress Collection Tech- niques, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2004, 98 pp. 7. Henry, J.J., NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 291: Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteristics, Trans- portation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000, 58 pp. 8. Wayson, R.L., NCHRP Synthesis 268: Relationship Between Pavement Surface Texture and Highway Traffic Noise, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, 85 pp. 9. Gramling, W.L., NCHRP Synthesis 203: Current Prac- tices in Determining Pavement Condition, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, 57 pp. 10. Woodstrom, J.H., NCHRP Synthesis 167: Measurements, Specifications, and Achievement of Smoothness for Pavement Construction, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1990, 34 pp. 11. Epps, J.A. and C.L. Monismith, NCHRP Synthesis 126: Equipment for Obtaining Pavement Condition and Traffic Loading Data, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1986, 118 pp. 12. Flintsch, G.W. and J.W. Bryant, Asset Management Data Collection for Supporting Decision Processes, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2008, 95 pp. 13. Bennett, C.R., A. Chammoro, C. Chen, H. de Solminihac, and G.W. Flintsch, Data Collection Technologies for Road Management, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2005, 124 pp. 14. Paterson, W.D.O. and T. Scullion, Information Systems for Road Management: Draft Guidelines on System Design and Data Issues, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990, 137 pp. 15. Bennett, C. and W.D. Paterson, “A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation of HDM-4,” in The Highway Development and Management Series, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2000. 16. Transportation Research Circular E-C037: Glossary of Highway Quality Assurance Terms, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2002, 30 pp. 17. ISO 9000:2005, Quality Management Systems— Fundamentals and Vocabulary, ISO, Geneva, Switzer- land, 2005. 18. McQueen, J.M. and D.H. Timm, “Statistical Analysis of Automated Versus Manual Pavement Condition Surveys,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, No. 2004, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 55–62. 19. Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pave- ment Performance Program, Federal Highway Adminis- tration, Washington, D.C., 2003 [Online]. Available: http:// www.tfhrc.gov/pavement/ltpp/reports/03031/03031.pdf. 20. Ningyuan, L., T. Kazmierowski, and B. Sharma, “Verifi- cation of Network-Level Pavement Roughness Measure- ments,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1764, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 128–138. 21. Request for Proposals for State Project No. 736-99-1362 F.A.P. No. SPR-0010(029) Pavement Distress Data Col- lection Statewide, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://webmail.dotd.louisiana.gov/agrestat.nsf/6e0a8b2 ac100345a862571780059ad2e/813f0c927015b78c862570 b9006e8af9/$FILE/736-99-1362%20RFP.pdf [accessed Mar. 2008]. 22. Location Referencing System Guide for Road Controlling Authorities, HTC, Auckland, New Zealand, 2002, 46 pp. 23. Ramanathan, N., B. Ravi, and P. Avadivelan, Enterprise Location Referencing System Transportation (ELRS-T), 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.gisdevelopment. net/application/utility/transport/ma06_8.htm [accessed Mar. 2008]. 24. Adams, T.M., N. Koncz, and A.P. Vonderohe, Functional Requirements for a Comprehensive Transportation Loca- tion Referencing System, North American Travel Monitor- ing Exhibition and Conference (NATMEC), Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, 2000, 13 pp. 25. Course 151029: Application of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation, National Highway Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. 26. Lee, H. and R. Deighton, “Developing Infrastructure Management Systems for Small Public Agency,” Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1995, pp. 230–235. 27. ARA, Inc., ERES Consultants Division, Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated REFERENCES

Pavement Structures, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2004. 28. Perera, R.W. and S.D. Kohn, NCHRP Web Doc 42: Issues in Pavement Smoothness: A Summary Report, Transporta- tion Research Board, National Research Council, Wash- ington, D.C., 2002, 200 pp. 29. Li, S., K. Zhu, and S. Noureldin, “Considerations in Developing a Network Pavement Inventory Friction Test Program for a State Highway Agency,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 33, No. 5, 2005, 8 pp. 30. Anderson, D.A., R.S. Huebner, J.R. Reed, J.C. Warner, and J.J. Henry, NCHRP Web Doc 16: Improved Surface Drainage of Pavements, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, 228 pp. 31. Hossain, M.C., T. Chowdhury, S. Chitrapu, and A.J. Gisi, “Network-Level Pavement Deflection Testing and Structural Evaluation,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2000, 9 pp. 32. Zhang, Z.C., G. Claros, L. Manuel, and I. Damnjanovic, “Development of Structural Condition Index to Support Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Decisions at Network Level,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1827, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 10–17. 33. Diefenderfer, B.K., Network-Level Pavement Evaluation of Virginia’s Interstate System Using Falling Weight Deflectometer, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va., 2008, 125 pp. 34. Rolling Wheel Deflectometer, Applied Research Associ- ates, Albuquerque, N.M., 2008 [Online]. Available: http:// www.ara.com/capabilities/RWD_brochure.pdf [accessed Apr. 30, 2008]. 35. Traffic Speed Deflectometer, Greenwood Engineering, Brøndby, Denmark [Online]. Available: http://www. greenwood.dk/tsd/ [accessed Apr. 30, 2008]. 36. PP 49 Standard Practice for Certification of Inertial Pro- filing Systems, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2008. 37. Tsai, Y.L. and J.S. James, “Framework and Strategy for Implementing an Information Technology-Based Pave- ment Management System,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1816, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 56–64. 38. Hudson, S.W., W.R. Hudson, D. Brown, and F. Botelho, “Standards for State Network Level Pavement Manage- ment Condition Data,” In Proceedings of the 1997 Special- ity Conference on Infrastructure Condition Assessment: Art, Science, Practice, Boston, Mass., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1997. 39. Highway Performance Monitoring System, Federal High- way Administration, Washington, D.C., 2008 [Online]. Available: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hpms/ index.htm [accessed Apr. 17, 2008]. 40. Noureldin, S., K. Zhu, S. Li, and D. Harris, “Network Pavement Evaluation with Falling-Weight Deflectometer 58 and Ground-Penetrating Radar,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1860, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 90–99. 41. HPMS Reassessment 2010+ Final Report, Federal High- way Administration, Washington, D.C., 2008. 42. Flintsch, G.W., Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design and Performance Prediction, Opportunities and Chal- lenges for PMS, 3rd European Pavement and Asset Man- agement Conference, Coimbra, Portugal, July 7–9, 2008. 43. Hudson, W.R., C. Dougan, and P. Visser, Using PMS Data to Calibrate and Validate the New Guide (MEPDG), Pre-conference Workshop, 2007 National Pavement Man- agement Conference, Pavement Management Systems— Meeting the Needs of Today and the Challenges of Tomor- row, Norfolk, Va., May 6–9, 2007. 44. Fox, C. and W. Frakes, “The Quality Approach: Is It Delivering?” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1997, pp. 24–29. 45. Morian, D., S. Stoffels, and D.J. Frith, “Quality Man- agement of Pavement Performance Data,” in Pavement Evaluation 2002, I. Al-Qadi and T. Clarck, Eds., Roanoke, Va., 2002. 46. McPherson, K. and C.R. Bennett, Success Factors for Road Management Systems, The World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C., 2005, 103 pp. 47. ISO 9000:2000, Quality Management Systems— Requirements, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. 48. Peach, R.W., Ed., The IS0 9000 Handbook, 3rd ed., McGraw–Hill, New York, N.Y., 2002. 49. Martin, L., “Total Quality Management in the Public Sector,” National Productivity Review, Vol. 10, 1993, pp. 195–213. 50. Summers, D., Quality, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2006. 51. Shekharan, R., D. Frith, T. Chowdhury, C. Larson, and D. Morian, “Effects of Comprehensive Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Plan on Pavement Management,” Trans- portation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1990, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 65–71. 52. Wolters, A.S., G. McGovern, and T. Hoerner, “Develop- ment of a Tool to Assess the Quality of Collected Pavement Management Data,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1974, Transportation Research Board of the National Acade- mies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 37–46. 53. SHRP2, Roadway Measurement System Evaluation, Transportation Research Board of the National Acade- mies, Washington, D.C., 2008. 54. National Workshop on Highway Asset Inventory and Data Collection, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2008 [Online]. Available: http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/ ncassetmgmtconf/index.html [accessed Mar. 2009]. 55. Improving the Quality of Profiler Measurement, TPF-5 (063), Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

59 [Online]. Available: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ ltpp/profiler/profiler.cfm [accessed Apr. 2008]. 56. Wambold, J.C., C.E. Antle, J.J. Henry, and Z. Rado, Inter- national PIARC Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements, Final Report, State College, Pa., 1995. 57. AASHTO Guide for Pavement Friction, American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2008. 58. Stoffels, S.M., D. Morian, D. Frith, and C.D. Larson, “Quality Analysis Methods for Pavement Distress Data,” Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 7–11, 2001. 59. McNeil, S. and F. Humplick, “Evaluation of Errors in Automated Pavement-distress Data Acquisition,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 2, 1991, pp. 224–241. 60. Karamihas, S.M., T.D. Gillespie, R.W. Perera, and S.D. Kohn, NCHRP Report 434: Longitudinal Pavement Profile Measurement, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1999, 81 pp. 61. Choubane, B., R.L. McNamara, and G.C. Page, “Eval- uation of High-Speed Profilers for Measurement of Asphalt Pavement Smoothness in Florida,” Transpor- tation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1813, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 62–67. 62. Trifiro, F., G.W. Flintsch, G. Guerrera, E.D. de León Izeppi, and K.K. McGhee, “Comparison of Friction Measuring Devices and Preliminary Evaluation of the International Friction Index Coefficients,” Presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 13–17, 2008, 15 pp. 63. Jackson, N.M.C., C. Bouzid, C.R. Holzschuher, and S. Gokhale, “Measuring Pavement Friction Characteristics at Variable Speeds for Added Safety,” Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 2, No. 10, 2005, 14 pp. 64. Flintsch, G.W., Y. Luo, and I.L. Al-Qadi, “Analysis of the Effect of Pavement Temperature on the Frictional Properties of Flexible Pavement Surfaces,” Presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 9–13, 2005. 65. Lahouar, S., I.L. Al-Qadi, A. Loulizi, T.M. Clark, and D.T. Lee, “Approach to Determining In Situ Dielectric Constant of Pavements: Development and Implementation at Interstate 81 in Virginia,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1806, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 81–87. 66. Groeger, J.L., P. Stephanos, P. Dorsey, and C. Mark, “Implementation of Automated Network-Level Crack Detection Process in Maryland,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1860, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 109–116. 67. Rada, G.R., A.L. Simpson, and J.E. Hunt, “Collecting and Interpreting Long-Term Pavement Performance Photographic Distress Data: Quality Control–Quality Assurance Processes,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1889, Transportation Research Board of the National Acade- mies, Washington, D.C., 2004, pp. 97–105. 68. Rada, G.R., J.S. Miller, W.Y. Bellinger, and R.B. Rogers, “Accreditation of Strategic Highway Research Program Long-Term Pavement Performance Distress Raters,” Transportation Research Record 1410, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 1–10. 69. Ponniah, J., B.N. Sharma, and T.J. Kazmierowski, “A Critical Review of an Existing Pavement Condition Rating System,” in Fifth International Conference on Managing Pavements, Transportation Research Board, Seattle, Wash., 2001, 15 pp. 70. Chang-Albitres, C.M., R.E. Smith, and O.J. Pendleton, “Comparison of Automated Pavement Distress Data Collection Procedures for Local Agencies in San Fran- cisco Bay Area, California,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1990, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 119–126. 71. Smith, R.E.F., T.J. Thomas, and O.J. Pendleton, “Con- tracting for Pavement Distress Data Collection,” Trans- portation Research Record 1643, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, pp. 80–85. 72. “Certification,” Texas Transportation Institute, College Station [Online]. Available: http://tti.tamu.edu/facilities/ riderut_facility/certification/ [accessed Mar. 2009]. 73. Zhang, L. and O.G. Smadi, “What is Missing in Quality Control of Contracted Pavement Distress Data Col- lection?” 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Jan. 11–15, 2009. 74. Karamihas, S.M., “Development of Cross Correlation for Objective Comparison of Profiles,” International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 36, No. 2–3, 2002, pp. 173–199. 75. Li, Y. and J. Delton, “Approaches to Evaluation of Profiler Accuracy,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1860, Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 129–136. 76. UMTRI Road Roughness Site, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor [Online]. Available: http://www.umtri.umich.edu/divisionPage. php?pageID=62. 77. Road Profiler User’s Group [Online]. Available: http:// www.rpug.org/ [accessed May 1, 2008]. 78. FWD Calibration Center and Operational Improvements Pooled Fund Study, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http://www.fhwa. dot.gov/pavement/ltpp/fwdpool.cfm [accessed Apr. 28, 2008].

79. Orr, D.P., LH. Irwin, and D. Atkins, FWD Calibration Center and Operational Improvements: Final Report, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va., 2007, 171 pp. 80. LTPP Manual for Falling Weight Deflectometer Measure- ments, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ pavement/ltpp/pubs/06132/06132.pdf [accessed Mar. 4, 2008]. 81. Whitehurst, E.A. and M.W. Gallogly, “Field Test and Evaluation Center Program and Skid Trailer Standard- ization,” Transportation Research Record 602, Trans- portation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 80–83. 82. Central and Western Field Test Center, Texas Trans- portation Institute, College Station [Online]. Available: http://tti.tamu.edu/facilities/facility_detail.htm?fac_id=35 [accessed Mar. 2009]. 83. International PIARC Experiment to Compare and Harmo- nize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements, PIARC, Paris, France, 1995. 84. “Transportation Pooled Fund Program,” Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg [Online]. Available: http://www.pooledfund.org/projectdetails.asp?id=371& status=4 [accessed Mar. 2009]. 85. “Test Procedure for Operating Inertial Profilers and Evaluating Pavement Profiles,” in Tex-1001-S, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, 2008. 86. Landers, S., W. Bekheet, and L.C. Falls, “Cohen’s Weighted Kappa Statistic in Quality Control-Quality Assurance Procedures: Application to Network-Level Contract Pavement Surface Condition Surveys in British Columbia, Canada,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1860, Transportation Research Board of the National Acade- mies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 103–108. 87. McQueen, J.M. and D.H. Timm, “Statistical Analysis of Automated Versus Manual Pavement Condition Surveys,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, No. 1940, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 55–62. 88. Selezneva, O.I., G. Mladenovic, R. Speir, J. Amenta, and J. Kennedy, “National Park Service Road Inventory Program—Quality Assurance Sampling Considerations for Automated Collection and Processing of Distress Data,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1889, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp. 106–115. 89. Groeger, J.L., P. Stephanos, and P. Dorsey, “Evaluation of AASHTO Cracking Protocol: Quantifying Distress in 60 Asphalt Pavement Surfaces,” in Pavement Evaluation 2002, I. Al-Qadi and T. Clarck, Eds., Roanoke, Va., 2002. 90. Raman, M., M. Hossain, R.W. Miller, G. Cumberledge, D.H. Lee, and J.K. Kihyoung, “Assessment of Image- Based Data Collection and the AASHTO Provisional Standard for Cracking on Asphalt-Surfaced Pavements,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, No. 1889, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2004, pp. 116–125. 91. Wang, K.C.P., R.P. Elliott, A. Meadors, and M. Evans, “Application and Validation of an Automated Cracking Survey System,” 6th International Conference on Man- aging Pavements, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Oct. 19–24, 2004. 92. Tighe, S.L., L. Ningyuan, and T.J. Kazmierowski, “Evaluation of Semiautomated and Automated Pave- ment Distress Collection for Network-Level Pavement Management,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2084, Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008, pp. 11–17. 93. The New Mexico Department of Transportation’s Pave- ment Inspection Program, A Successful Partnership, Office of Highway and Transportation Operations, New Mexico Department of Transportation, Santa, Fe, 2007, 68 pp. 94. Ganesan, V.P.K., S.M. Stoffels, J. Arellano, and D. Morian, “Use of LTPP Data to Verify the Acceptance Limits Developed for PennDOT Pavement Distress Data,” In Improving Pavements With Long-Term Pavement Performance: Products for Today and Tomorrow, Fed- eral Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., and American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., 2006, pp. 31–59. 95. Road Inventory Program—National Park Service, Quality Assurance Manual, Federal Highway Administration, Lakewood, Colo., 2003. 96. Larson, C.D., N. Sami, and D.R. Luhr, “Structured Approach to Managing Quality of Pavement Distress Data: Virginia Department of Transportation Experience,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, No. 1699, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 72–80. 97. Flexible Pavement Condition Survey Handbook, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, 2003, 58 pp. 98. VDOT, Quality Monitoring Report, Richmond, (not for circulation), 2007. 99. Pavement Surface Condition Rating Manual, British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, Vancouver, Canada, 2002 [Online]. Available: http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/ publications/const_maint/2002_Pavement_Surface_ Condition_Rating_Manual_V2.pdf [accessed Apr. 2008]

Next: Appendix A - State and Provincial Agency Survey Questionnaire »
Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 401: Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection explores the quality management practices being employed by public highway agencies for automated, semi-automated, and manual pavement data collection and delivery.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!