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Representative terms from entire chapter:
guinea pig
THE EKING Sew: 5~, ~[m ~ ~m
Patrick M. ,~1 irk
IN~=
It is ~i~ ir~siT~ly ~z~t that highly served Solar
rea~itia1 am e~ra~ll~llar sigh Fire ~i~ are 13~ ~
cells In widely divergent system. Investigation of _lian games at
the cellular and near levels has An extensive cloying He last
Am, Reading At the pro:= of fertilization Arises an elegant
exile of cellular interactia~ are ~nunicatia~. Be cansiderable
-
information ~at has ~ ~ it ~=ible to begm ~aring varia~s
ads of sixth sperm are Gus; :~ differs E;pecies art to atomic
median of cxx~ patterns Al principles. Since sE~ interaction
captives one of me old reedition systems An, go;' ns~ of
conserved Aim ~ ~ An Grimy.
Insight ink cat lular arx] m:~lea~ar Hartley across Lies
lariat= ~= a narti~larlv important tonic with ~ to human in vitro
^, ~ ~ _ , -
_ . a _ · , · _ ~ ~ s us _ _ _ _ · ~ · ~
fertilizatic~n. ~ basic moldy arid Editions 1~ for that
pr~derive entirely f~parallelwork~n ani~1~1 system;,
smarting ~ fetal deformity. Farther Cam clinically, both
for the proration are the prevention of fertilit-v, now denand a ~~
deluded ~r~ of gag; are their interaction. Ice sad Is
true, of course, in veterinary arx] other animal scierxxs. But for scare
Sian species, incl~ir~ the Han, it ~ diffir~S,Qt to cony novel,
foal Beam due to limi~tians of material as well as ethical
=iderati~. Bus, it be; important to evaluate ache anion Gel
Stems urger stay Firstly for them a~r~riater~; in ~i~
the Lear basis of lien gamete interaction Gently.
Portly, a host of Criers ~ ganete strum am fur~ti~ have
aE - arm. A list of saw of these ~ prairie at the ~ of this
*her. Aver Han AL ~ duplicate that work, ~ will stress
tat this hips homologies are An As that have men
recognized an; many Italian Lies reedit sperm morphology, sperm
maturation in the ~?idid~, am gal induction log to
f~tilizati~. Surfing differences have Ed varicose investigators to
sagest At different Bile; Splay diverse Aim for garde
in~ractic~n. E~ver, sufficient dad fist, I believe, to sagest a
gereral sag for the s~oellular ~ of - mate interaction that
may Sly to all normals. Finally, in closing, ~ will try to point to
Bee tc~ics for whim findings fed g~raliz" me pys0E; are or are
not likely to be z - ~ - riate for a particular species.
SKI ~
Hat He polarized tripartite form of sperm head, m~c~piece, are
tail lo
repins of Me cell are ret utilized Doria fertilizaticn; the motile
Carat of the - ;1 's principal pin an the mit~3ria of Me
miApi~ are Initial in transic~-~tic~n arm energy pin,
fly. ~ ~ is no eerie to ~ ~t
participate In specific ir~racticms with the en are local in these
lamer ice - .
In Critic to I;imilarity of overall cellular stricture, many
feats of s~lular ~aniza~ci=~, art of specific sepal
al~ral:icrm, are Its for not it sot. bite Weir specific
di~nsi~ an suntan may vary ~;iderably, Cam head; of different:
ties Assist of We mare Ants relit;. For each species;, Math
the plasma no—cane a secretory granule, the an, ~ fan at the
~~l's apex situated ~ a cap Aver Me anterior Portia of a rigid, highly
c~ ~~ - C. Me an ~ an Orville r - Fin for
fertiliza~ In and i= Hal Aleutian during interaction win the
egg Carets art germinal these r~rrir~ to* the animal
kid. Pop: work Hats Cat this everTt, the acreage reaction
(AR), Institutes a cI^==ic example of highly regulated Ho, arx]
will be did fur]. Wring the acreage reaction, the alter
act Insane fuse; wit the plod Crane at various lc~uti~s,
ally Are of the accusal AL to We e~cracellu:[ar
~im~rtc. One portion of the across that ext~x3s laterally to the
nu`:1—~c, termed the equatorial sent, He not participate In the fusion
events of the AR. Be Arid vesicles for Arid the AR ad lop
Sally fad the ~1 surface, with the the inner amoral Serene
An; - Me L's limiter Brad anteriorly. these sternal
features of acre exits are Extant for all Sian Term
spied Pus far.
CX~N AWE; IN LIE Hill SI=:ENCE: OF ~ ~='1=
Formation m~nir~ Me molar organization ark condition of
Me Gates' surfaces Is essential for an Slid of they
int~ctic~n. }ever, before the Lear - Ids for the interaction can
be eel, it Is r~ssazy to establish the cellular He,
particularly for the sperm cell tick ~ In to urn dramatic
sternal re~organizaticn. ~mini~ Be are den the AR cxxa~rs
d~irx3 gate interacticm, for 5rs~, is important Cause it definer;
He n~rhrane surfed, either plow Humane or Fir aQ~l Humane,
us" by the sin ~rrirx3 the steps of fertilizaticm.
While ~sic3erable Bate and ·4i~icn has ~ definition of
set of events desire gate ir~eractia~, ~;ive effort
redly has led to fistic that sanest a Awn pattern at the cellular
level. Me major c~x:lusi~s Cat have ~ freon Cat work will be
Grid briefly. No ate* ~ ~ to include ir~ivi~1 raft;
bare but By may be fat in We repins city at We erg of This
-
T. ~paci~"tian. ]~is fir~ ma~rati~ pase of ~e s~rm ~11 oamrs
nasally ~ Me fetale relive Duct, but can be pro by
irx~ibaticm In vitro for a large "mberof Skip. refire c~ratic~lly
as the amid ability of seem to fertilize eggs But copay, this
reversible process Is poorly worsts. ~:ies~t alteratic~; in
· 251 -
several E~t~s, in loin holism, ionic ca~ositic~n, Isolate
- :1~-~ activity, and subtleties of ~a~1 strip, have arm
report—, skirt analysis of 03 ~ features of the pass
Iffy. At least too ppecies-ir~t alterations ~ he ~perm's
play Insane are now r~iz" as a fur~ic~n of ~citation: charges
in Trot arm Spice levels, arm the Sac of surfa~asaxia~
i. I!xse alt:eratims may be risible for he rE - rid
~ ~ membrane fluidity that also hers hire ca~citaticn. In
tie ~citat" state, sham are unable to urn physiologic ARs
arm c~c~tatia~ can be Casio a prerequisite for this earn.
II. ~eractian Iffy he Amorous ma1:r~x. At he fine of fercilizati~
he aviduc:t, the cite is often Barr by two extra~llular
matrix. Ire ironer layer, the zeta pellucida (zp), al; to be a
Excretory pit of the egg, arm will be Hi^~ further - 1cm. he
alar layer, in which the cumulus Ills are era, is not yet well
define hat firs to be a print of this peculation of differentiated
grarmlosa Ills. Fir hi, ~se, arx] rabbit sperm, wee different
pupations of firm ails have ban c~;erv~, caly capacitated,
intact firm can paces to the cumulus matrix to the zp; bath
~citated arm abreact cells are retains at the alar
margin of this layer. Specific fibs of the firm surface do not
Ear resistible for this passage, sires a variety of ~11 types bearing
the Mann feature of Utility readily penetru~ the hatter ~n=~.=
matr=. Ether, it appears that the cordite may be true, that the
real of ~tr~cir~ factors Emu the sperm surface is emissary for
flus matrix penetration. In at let two species, the cow and the pig,
it Is ~ 1 Whether the am ~ us Is present at the Hi of go - te
interaction, a finding that also makes it difficult to invoke a specific
interactive function for the cumulus matrix. The physiological role of
this matr ~ may be, therefore, to regulate the are-== of capacitated,
acrosoce-intact sperm to the vicinity of the egg.
111. Interaction with the zone pellucida. The first -=r--ific interaction
between the gamete cars at the level of the zone pellucida caps. ZP
cognition has nag been stied in several Dies, with the Cameron
,
~ a ma a a ha a a a a _ a a _ ~ _ ~ ~ a _ a a _ _
fling Eat it is a relatively staple sty Lyrist principally of
3-5 glyc~roteir~c. Hailed emanation of the in~cti~ of individual
Rose up glycq?rateins with homologa~s s ~ no has det ~ mi ~ that ~ e of
the zp glyoo proteins, ZP3, serves as the primary ligand for sperm
binding. Mbre recent work using pig zp suggests similar findings.
Reports of gamete interaction studies with individual ED DrO~ein~ f Am
other dies have not yet appeared.
_,= = ~
In initial systematic studies using made gametes, and considered
contrcversial for some ties, it Is found that fertilizing sperm initiate
birding to the up win ache ploy me—cane in the acreage ir~cacL state.
fitly, He same firers have- ~ for a large fir of
fiord spies (Table 1) and can near be Considered a generalizes]
He of ~ fan Gage ir~ractic~n.
- 952
-
THEME 1: Species ~ which acrcsc~e-intact sperm initiate zp-bi ~
cow
guinea pig
halt
h.~'oa.n '
met
pig
rabbit
sheep
Sperm that have penetrated the zp and are located in the perivitelline
space are reported universally to be acrosoc e-reacted. Together with the
preceding information on primary binding to the zp, it may be concluded
that.the lo cation of the AR is the zp surface following primary binding.
This he= now been observed for several Naperies, as has the ~ ion of
ARs by isolated, solubilized zp (Iable 2~.
TABLE 2: Specimc dencrEtrating zp-induced acrosome react)
cow
hamster
human
masse
rabbit
The mal^~,lar events sucrcunLing the AR are not Understood fully, but
recent work implicates mechanisms common to other receptor~effec*or
Is, sum as hand arm grad fac*o~re~;ive cells. For
iret~, he n~:leo~cide~ir~i~ proteins (G~prc~eins) lee not only
been identified in Sperm f~ smrera1 Italian denies (1tible 3), but a
Gemlike protein of dose dam has been -Ida E~ifica~ly with Ache
Physiological AR Irma by ZP3. E~rore, rat st~ies irxlicate
that ZP3 trip ARs by aggregating the pperm's ZP3 recx~kors ant that
he M's ~r=;ine Please activity is stim~lat~l by ZP3 birding. Mile
still city and confined primarily to Ned Warm, these fifties
are striking ~ their parallel with rats fed a wale varier of
different call types, and shyest the use of highly coed
extra~lular signal thwarting ~i~ for anal ~is.
WEIR 3: Species with G~-like proteins in sperm
bull
. .
Guinea peg
mimic.=
pig
Once the AR has been triggered, sperm do not ~;==n~iate from the zp
and binding is rainenined. In the Rouse, ZP2 is the glyc~protein ligand
responsible for this secondary phase of binding with acre come-reacted
sperm. Strong evidence from experiments using hear sperm indicate= that
sperm employ proacrc Bin for this interaction. This sperm~specific
- 253 -
zym~n arx] its enzymatic active ~t~rt, a~im, are fat In all
Can Mann Ad. ~ Wide in guinea pigs, his,
Moe and rats EP~orts Me m~ of preen In this role. Posher work,
particularly with Mar ppenn, indict that limits p~l~is Other
with sperm Utility is Bible for Term penetration through the up
matrix. Fly ex~ acres, perhaps with He coordination of other
a~1 enzymes, perform; the digestive rat for zp penetration.
W. Sperm fusion with the Splat Phrase. Within Me per~vit~ll~ne
E - oe, the acr~react~ sperm Is in dint contact with Me egg plasm
nE'rbr~ne, to Side it A~ Ad fan. ~~ ~~" of
~ different ~lian species irxticat~ Cat Me region of the cell
utilized for Me initiatia~ of ~rhrare fusion ~ the plum neural
o~erlyir~ the equatorial sent. It scald be Reilly that, Sir He
AR, this posterior section of the anal cap dues not participate in
Membrane fusion, Vegas at this later point Doria Grate iT~actic~n,
eq - tories so initiate He fusion event. His cxx~ed
sequel of cellular events implies ~v~ organization of these
lular domains at the Basilar level. Fusion Hen prams.= to
incorporate He Bin sperm into the Blown of He egg, except for ache
inner act Membrane whim does not fuse, hit ~ inc=rpo~ted into a
p~eic vesicle.
A GENES L ~ ION GAME: INrE~Ac=m
these remet irnrestigatia~s at the cellular and Alar levels
praise sufficient data to sagest a ~ of gate interactions that
may ably generally to Canals. 5~3 aspects of this serpent AL
summarized In Figure 1. It Is ~ that the Amorous matrix functions
to restrict are-== of anly capacitat ~ ~ rm to the egg. As a r ~ t,
under the normal conditions of fertilization, only a select population of
capacitated, acrosoc c-intact sperm Fill arrive at the ~ surface. Binding
to the zp is initiated by plasma membrane receptors interacting with ZP3.
Primary binding results in receptor aggregation, which itself is the
triggering event for acrcscral exacyto6~s. This signal is transmitted
in~aceOularly via Nonproteins arm rots ~ regulate fusion between the
plasma and Aster accusal Cranes. ~ a c~, proacrwin is
em. Mary binding by ZP2 and proac~;~n of
a~rereacti~,/react~ sperm cx~ together with pit
autoactivaticn of proa~;~n to Alvin. Sperm m~iJi~r, together witch
Me action of attain to Caters limited p~teol,?sis of the zp matrix,
permit sperm penetration of Me pp. ~rt3act~ sperm in the
periv~lline space associate rapidly with the egg plaice Crane.
Fossil been sperm and egg is initiated in the region of the sperm's
plasma Membrane overlying the "3qatoria' sent.
The many diverse observations map in experiments using different
Lies ~ ght lead one to question the g ~ ity of this scheme. I
believe' however/ that many of the apparent differences between species
can be e~-~-r1~t^~ in this scheme if two variable factors, the affinity of
the interactions and their kinetics, a ~ considered. ok use sperm and
g ~ pig sperm, for example, may Represent two eXtIesL6 of the spectrum
for these two parameters. For man=- sperm, it is cc~mcnly observed that
ac~ir~act sperm initiate zp binding, Areas e.~reac~ sperm
are incapable of initiating binding but will rerain associated with the zp
if the ARhas occurred at the zp surface. In contrast, with guinea pig
- 254
,"=RE KIND
Fioura 1: EN general He for Brian Gas infraction.
A) Lam pe~ratia~ TV the Claus matrix is achieved by Ye
Call `8 1=tili~, hem with Variate surface ~araC~isti~
Infers by mpaci~catic~n. specific r~*:o~ligar~ i~c~ia~s do no
Cur, arm enzymatic ~.i~ are fly far perw~=tia~. she
Plus Us to regulate sperm arc to the pp. Dim that only
capacitated, Intact Worm arrive at We up surface.
B) At the up ~rfa~x, priory binding ours ~ r~t~ on the
pi hare of the sperm aid Me Zp gly~tein ZP3.
C) The ex~acellular signal of up birdie ~ transmitted acmes We
spend ~ to trigger We AR in a pro involving Me abrogation of
tile ~m'8 ZP3 ~ by ZP3. Ethic a~rqatia~ signal pro; the
Lions of a Mine kinase whim is invc~lved in the ~7e
activation of Glottis, and I~= to Ye Be of events ratio in
Ye AR. Fusic~n is initial at Triple loca~cims Ben the ply and
alter a~1 z~rbranes File the Cam ~ bay to ZP3 at Ye zp
surface. ~ birdie Ben the a~ctin; spew and ZP2
foulers direly after the fusion event. ~ac~;~n Ores as at least
ale of the major Ban ~9 partici~?ati~ in scary bindi - .
D) USA acr~1 PI during the AR 1~= to activation of
proacrmin, r - ;ulting in the forrratian of acumen. the Dined motile
farm of the Cam and the enzymatic Lability of rawly es acrosin
EN s~ees-irx~ pyrolytic penetration thrash the up matrix.
E) A r~ Patti split throb the zp is created due to the
limits prot~lytic activity of acrmin. hybrid vesicles bearing sperm
r~ far Zen remain at Ye up Sofas' and Satire can be seen as a
odor thresh which the exam penetrate.
:— Am: . ~3
,, ~~ t~
A - __
An,
~ .
_~~
of_
1~ Do
255 -
_ Primary Binding
ZP3-Mediated
Secondary Binding
~ ZP2-Mediated
sperm, ac~intact sperm associate weakly arrt In low hers with the
Ha?, arx] ac~reacted Sperm display tenacious interaction with the Ha?
surface. With Ed primary binding, the affinity between the sperm's
r~rs and ZP3 may vary aver a wide range for different species. This
affinity could be considered high for Ease sperm arm lo for guinea pig
sperm. O~;i~ affinities may ably to the dies for Mary
birding. Similarly, with rears kinetics, perhaps ZP3~ti~1at~ ARs
Ear sufficiently slowly in Ease Glenn to permit e~peri~tal
d~ervaticn Woo the En is bound to the up surface, Whereas in many
ather Species the event Is more difficult to detect due to rapid AR
induction at that location. Species variations mill be observed, but it
seems unlikely that the== mill involve major differences in fundamental
design or mechanism, but rather variations in the affinity or kinetics of
individrm~ events.
CoMMON THEMES DURING EPIDIDYM~L TRANSIT
Following the differentiation of the haploid spermatozoon, the ~11
is liberated from the seminiferous epi~chelimn and passes frees the testy
to the epidid~rmis. Despite the Mince of grass ~rp~ologi~a~ *lard,
Sperm acquire ache ability to ~n~ceract su~cfully with arm ~ feminize
h~logals Us during epididymal transit. ~xi~1 ppidic~nal Sperm are
wea}cly mobile (at best), coot Ebonize the zone pellucida, and cannot
Undergo p~ysiologi~a1 ARs; distal epididymal sham are vigorously ~tile,
bird readily ark ~ large numbers to the zp, ark undergo ARs when
challenged with zp. Although their lengths may vary, three major
subdivisions have been identified cyclically for all Lies mimic:
Me caput, the corpus ark the cauda epididymis. Transit throb Me organ
ryes approximately 1-2 weeks; the exact duration varies Long
Species, but the principle that transit r~ui~ a period of days ~
constant. Biochemical analysis rerolls Mat the fluid reverb Mu Me
epididymal lumen displays major differences in polypeptide ~6ition
~i~ upon the region from which fluid Is Volleyed. Sperm are,
therefore, subject to Charming environments during transit t~h tile
epididymis. Not surprisingly, surface reeling at the ~leallar level
Is a general feature of epididymal transit for allm~ian Species
Maid (lable 4~.
ME 4: Sperm surface Crane n~ificatic~ns
detected desire ppididymal transit
1. Large
2. lect~n-bir~i~
3. intr~nbran~us particle distri~ti~
4. lipid position
5. amoral of rear Pi - Ross
6. Edification of egoistic fits
The mechanisms which bring about these surface alterations have not
yet been elucidated. Similarly, it ~ not known which of these
modifications are related to the acquisition of fertilizing function by
sperm. Identification of the molecules used by sperm for gamete
interaction is reces=~ry before the relevant mechanisms can be
ascertained. The approach taken toward this topic ~ ~ laboratory has
involved the identification of sperm components that participate in
— 256 —
fertilization Art He 1~ of anti~rm zmxx:l~al antibodies (my).
He pry; have bun us" ~ Irvin Flume sties to
lac~zze ye particular Arm moieties, ~ Fannie sties, bay in
vine art in viva to Smirk ~ rule of ye At in gamete
ir~eractia~, and in bionics Dies; to incite ye Ye
involve. We Den have Be Corey to ~ a Pacific At as
~ function of lipid maturatiar~. He of ~ sperm Ants Cat we
have st~ied unwire this aback is tensed M42 antigen singe it was fiat
identified unwire He M42 mob. M42 antigen ~ a high Mr doublet (200/220
I)), located in a restricts region of play n~rhrane c~erlyir~ the
acre. The M42 mob bay; f~ilizaticm ~ a ~tian ~t
Far, bay in vitro are ~ viva; the Pacific event preen is the
ZP3-ir~1 OR. Am r~ from each of the three major ppidi~ymal
regic~ Cain He M42 antigen in an i~isti~le localization
pattern despite He fibrin that Cut Term will not ~ z~i~sd
ARs. Analysis of the M42 antigen itself Awls that it ~
steal n~dificaticn ~ shift from 220/240 kO in immature sperm to
200/220 id) ~ mature sperm) coincident with He Here's Fair ability
undergo z~i~ ARs. M42 antig~'s steal Deification d~ not
Char as a fur~tian of c3ura~cioa, of ~sit, singe Arm retail
experimentally ~ e At ppididymis for 2 way do not display the
mature form of the antigen nor do they Argo Fir ARs. these
results suggest that it ~ resay to expose Sam to particular
~riz~ta1 a~itic~ns fat in the ppididy~1 llmen distal to He caput
to apiece a functic~ Arm ~1.
Sly ~~ work is Aid before it can be established that
p ~ t-trarE;laticmal ~ ification of ~ astir surface pr ~ Bins, such as that
found for MY antigen, represents a universal mechanism for sperm
maturation. Nev ~ "c=, it is apparent that the identification of
functional components of the sperm constitutes an essential first step for
an understanding of the molecular basis Bach of gamete interaction and of
Acidic maturation.
PAR WHAT By; OF SIUD:l Pa A;RE ~ SWISH; APED
an the preening I-ion, ~ have attempted to illustrate that the
cellular and ~ 1~-~1ar patterns of gamete interaction appear to be hi ~ y
conserved. This does nct imply that all bells will ~~ exactly identical
malec`Oes for each event of the prcoess. It ~ well known from many
physiological studies that several aspects of gamete interaction display
substantial species specificity. However, the conserve, pattern of gamete
interaction does imply that, for a species ~ which ~rileental malaria
is limit or for me that has not been investigated pr~rialsly,
considerable infon~Qtian ~xrnir~ the nature of a Illume of intent
may be available to facilitate its identification,, Ablation anc]
in~restigaticm. ~ anticipate that Axe miles involved ~ rendition
evens, which are likely to be present in leer aunts, will be ammo those
that da~trate species differences. Her, the abated
~nfonnati~ derive fray eral Martian ins rats that be HAL
likely lattice for sperm Alleles involve in primary interactic~n with
e 8p, for beta ~ , is the pi a ~ Drone averlyir~ the acz ~ ane. With
sim;1ar reasoning, the plasma membrane overlying the equatorial segment
should be examined to identify the sperm con portent(s) that initiate fusion
with the egg plasma membrane. Given the polarized structure of the sperm
cello specification of a componenk's location is extremely vzl~hle,
- 257 -
~mi~ir~ i~i~ for; ~ a reprice area of Me cell za~r Ian on
ger~ral exam~natia~ of Me entire cc~plex strep.
Alternatively, it can arise }:e anticipate eat sap of the Yes
Dive in Gas interacticn will be very similar AL a wide rarer of
Species;' paint arly Me involved ~ c—I] fu~imo SUCH AS iCO
fib are in extra~llular signal Dial. An eagle of the
latter may Day be fag in He ic3entifica~ of a 41 kD G~-like
protein in the sperm of at let 5 different _lian ~~ ins. OR
files may be r~r~ntel by Be ~erm's shy for for ZP2,
Slim at to be prOaC~Ul, at }A the ~8 digestive enzyme for zp
permeation, acted.
For all Dies att~i~ to identify pa or Dots
utilize naturally by Gag; ~ viva, it is tip hat heralds
gamete systems be mpl~ Infer p~ysiolc~ical cx~iti~s. Trials
results ~d emerge, are already have Do, fin the use of
heterol~s gan~:;e interaction shies or the ,'~ of rx~hysiologi~
clitic;. Two examples that hence arisen In by An lab may be
i~e. Me first Is ~= sb~iee; An the ~i~ of then AR arm
the so, wig the i`3entificati~ of sperm Dents involved In fusion
with the egg pled Crane.
~ of Air work an the AR In ~ storm has fog ~ He M42
antigen, err! inhibition of He process with the M42 mAb, which was
d;- artier. In that work, it was fairs that M42 mAb inhibited only
p2~siologi~al1y-ir~d (i.e., unwire zp) Us, kilt did cat inhibit
pharmacologi~lly-ir~d (i.e., unwire Cal i~re A23187 or
1Y~ti~l~line) Ads. aft Lamination of He ability of
Muse sperm r~ from the fit, oc)rpus, are cauda ppididyni,; to
~ ARs regaled Cat all Cam Rations Cold be stagnated to
udders phazmacologi~1 Ads, but Ply mature sperm wend stipulated to
undergo physiological Be. Immature caret epididyDa1 Berm do not red
to zp by Moire Ad;. Teether, these results sagest that important
regulatory aspens of the AR ideation Mania are gypsy durir~
phanmoological AR sti~latic~n, and He results of experiments unwire
p~cologi~1 Haitians exclusively to stay He AR should be
Debt Ply.
He seed example dog with He identifi=~ticm of germ Dots
mat participate in fusion wig the Ad. We initiated Dies; an this
Epic thresh the use of He M29 fib. His mAb Sizes a 60 kO
rmpn~teinrastrictedto He equatorial ~rent, sax! inhibits
fertili7~tian, both ~ vitro arx! in biro, by blanking l~l~s Berm
fusion with He erg plug membrane. Ire mAb Is ineffective In the
heterol~s cams of Mae Hem are zala-free Hester Do. A me
result has also been fag ~ Paul Pri~ff arx! Diana styles' 1~
(livid ~ ;ity of ~ tialt, Fa Hi ~ ). They have identified a mAb
~ t guinea pig sperm that blocks fusion with the egy plasma membrane,
but only in a heterologous cross (guinea pig sperm + hamster eggs). The
mob is ineffective in the homologous situation (guinea pig sperm ~ guinea
pig eggs), suggesting its irrelevance as a probe to define physiologically
meamiDgfu1 sperm ccrlonents. Although opposite findings Merged, the
results of these No studies indicate the importance of using homologous
~ 2~S
gamete £;ys~ in attempts to define Et~siologi~lly ZeleVailt ~tS
in ~ pa~ia~ar Icier;.
,S~
In the foreskin di~=icm, ~ has tried to - Prize eerie to
Be: ~at, demise r~tei differs, Me ~ of gamete
tactic al ~ in: lik`31y to be Dare E;im;lar than it IS
differs. Sties di~i~tiCBE; will be fat, hat Me ~ Sign
of thy ~ for each species is likely to Am to a Cal pattern.
1 acme t:nat ~ ~l~]l~ i~l~ ~ ~ Aids ~ say
be hamlets, hat witch varying s~ificityr for ~~= Lies;. OR sperm
Alleles that are r~pcnsible for highly ~ cellular furx~tions,
as ice tort are ir~Llular ';ignalling, are likely to be
less variable Al species. As, Dies in my ~ have
predict, arm are ~;rui~ to provide, an invaluable body of information
Ox cellular are ~lea~lar ~ ~ which fertilization
axons. Here ~ no Seine for the sty of hcnx~l~ws Gates in
physiological Clitics to identify individual Axles At participate
In Gate interaction, ho ex~ive sties In m~e] ~; can dirt
attention imE~i~t^]y to He Be of Blue ~t ~ Any Any
facili~cate investigations In any Italian species of intern.
_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
- 259
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· · —
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