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OCR for page 3
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP Synthesis 400
New Approaches to Ecological Surveys
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
Consultant
PATRICIA C. CRAMER
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
S ubject A reas
Planning and Administration and Highway and Facility Design
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
OCR for page 4
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 400
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 20-5 (Topic 39-12)
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administra- ISSN 0547-5570
tors and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and ISBN 978-0-309-09843-4
can best be studied by highway departments individually or in coop- Library of Congress Control No. 2009928790
eration with their state universities and others. However, the accelerat-
ing growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex
problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are
best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. © 2009 Transportation Research Board
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their manuscripts
on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of
and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who
the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the
own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Trans-
used herein.
portation.
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to repro-
The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Coun-
duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit pur-
cil was requested by the Association to administer the research pro-
poses. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the
gram because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding
material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FMSCA, FTA, or
of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which
method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it
this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropri-
possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal,
ate acknowledgment of the source of any development or reproduced
state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its
material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objec-
tivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists
in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research
NOTICE
directly to those who are in a position to use them.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transpor-
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research tation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national impor-
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill tance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources
these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies of the National Research Council.
are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this
and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly
National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines
The needs for highway research are many, and the National Coop- appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or
erative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions implied are those of the research agency that performed the research,
to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical com-
to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to mittee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research
complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of
research programs. State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the tech-
nical committee according to procedures established and monitored
by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the
Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
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NOTE: The Transportation Research Board of the National Acad- 500 Fifth Street, NW
emies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Adminis- Washington, DC 20001
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manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Printed in the United States of America
