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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 15
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Aircraft Noise:
A Toolkit for Managing
Community Expectations
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ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Independent Consultant VICE CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Jeff Hamiel
MinneapolisSt. Paul MEMBERS
Metropolitan Airports Commission
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
MEMBERS Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
James Crites Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
DallasFort Worth International Airport Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Richard de Neufville Norfolk, VA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Kevin C. Dolliole
Unison Consulting
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
John K. Duval Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Beverly Municipal Airport Virginia, Charlottesville
Kitty Freidheim Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Freidheim Consulting Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Steve Grossman
Oakland International Airport
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Tom Jensen Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
National Safe Skies Alliance Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Catherine M. Lang Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Federal Aviation Administration Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Gina Marie Lindsey
Los Angeles World Airports Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Carolyn Motz Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Hagerstown Regional Airport Rosa Clausell Rountree, CEOGeneral Manager, Transroute International Canada Services, Inc.,
Richard Tucker Pitt Meadows, BC
Huntsville International Airport Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Sabrina Johnson Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
Richard Marchi
Airports Council International--North America
Laura McKee EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Air Transport Association of America Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Henry Ogrodzinski
National Association of State Aviation Officials Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
Melissa Sabatine J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
American Association of Airport Executives Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Transportation Research Board University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
James E. Caponiti, Acting Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY
Cynthia Douglass, Acting Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Christopher W. Jenks Administration, U.S.DOT
Transportation Research Board
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC
Rose A. McMurry, Acting Deputy Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Ronald Medford, Acting Deputy Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Jeffrey F. Paniati, Acting Deputy Administrator and Executive Director, Federal Highway Administration,
U.S.DOT
Peter Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2009. *Membership as of June 2009.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 15
Aircraft Noise:
A Toolkit for Managing
Community Expectations
Jon M. Woodward
LANDRUM & BROWN
Overland Park, KS
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
Lisa Lassman Briscoe
PATTI BANKS ASSOCIATES
Kansas City, MO
Paul Dunholter
BRIDGENET INTERNATIONAL
Costa Mesa, CA
Subject Areas
Aviation
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2009
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP REPORT 15
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- Project 02-05
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN 978-0-309-11801-9
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- Library of Congress Control Number 2009936630
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2009 Transportation Research Board
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte-
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera-
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S.
The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB
as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
(3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative
Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga-
names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- completeness of the project reporting.
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden-
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro-
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre-
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and Published reports of the
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 15
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Margaret B. Hagood, Editor
ACRP PROJECT 02-05 PANEL
Field of Environment
Karen Hancock, City of Aurora, Aurora, CO (Chair)
Frederick R. Busch, Denver International Airport, Denver, CO
John L. Collins, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Frederick, MD
Daniel H. Frazee, San Diego International Airport, San Diego, CA
Jon Rodgers, Jon Rodgers Aviation Consulting, Van Nuys, CA
Ellen Sample, Maryland Aviation Administration, BWI Airport, MD
Robert H. Slattery, Jr., Louisville Regional Airport Authority, Louisville, KY
Mehmet Marsan, FAA Liaison
Jake Plante, FAA Liaison
Kenneth Feith, US Environmental Protection Agency Liaison
Jessica Steinhilber, Airports Council InternationalNorth America Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was accomplished under ACRP Project Number 02-05 by Landrum &
Brown (L&B) at Overland Park, Kansas. L&B was the contractor for this study, with assistance provided
by Patti Banks Associates (PBA), Kansas City, Missouri, and BridgeNet International (BNI), Costa Mesa,
California.
Jon M. Woodward, Executive Vice-President for Environmental Planning at L&B, was the Principal
Investigator and primary author of the report. Lisa Lassman Briscoe, AIA, Principal at PBA served as a
Lead Investigator and author of public outreach and communications sections of the document. Paul
Dunholter, Managing Director of BNI served as a Lead Investigator for visualization and animation tools.
Other authors of this report are Stanley K. Eshelman, Senior Consultant at L&B, Lynnis Jameson, AICP,
Senior Planner at PBA, Blair S. Sells, Planner at PBA, Cynthia Gibbs, Aviation Planner at BNI, and Paul
W. Ziegler, Software Manager at BNI.
The authors are particularly indebted to the many airport managers, noise abatement officers and air-
port or community stakeholders who took part in the extensive survey and interview process conducted
for this study. Their input was essential to the comprehensiveness of the final document. Errors and
omissions that may be present are those of the authors alone.
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FOREWORD
By Michael R. Salamone
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This guidebook should be of interest to airport managers and other staff from airports of
all sizes who are responsible for responding to neighboring communities regarding aircraft
noise issues. It provides guidance on how best to improve communications with the public
about issues related to aircraft noise exposure. Specifically, the guidebook presents best
practices that characterize an effective communications program and provides basic infor-
mation about noise and its abatement to assist in responding to public inquiries. It also sug-
gests tools useful to initiate a new or upgrade an existing program of communication with
public and private stakeholders about noise issues. An accompanying CD-ROM contains a
toolkit with examples of material that has been successfully used to communicate informa-
tion about noise, as well as numerous guidance documents about noise and communica-
tions that have seldom been brought together in the same resource.
Generally, current understanding of the factors that influence community responses
toward aircraft noise is inadequate. Moreover, an airport's grasp of these factors is impor-
tant to its ability to manage local aircraft noise issues within the community. When aircraft
noise causes community opposition to airport operations or planned development, airports
have often attempted to overcome the project-specific opposition rather than manage com-
munity expectations for the long term. Without effective, long-term management of com-
munity expectations for aircraft noise, airports face a significant constraint to meeting
future airport-capacity needs.
It is increasingly important for airport decision makers to understand the aircraft noise
issue and to take advantage of successful practices at other airports in managing commu-
nity aircraft noise expectations. Airports also need new techniques or assessment methods
to communicate more effectively and thereby manage community expectations.
Even where the airport eventually succeeds in reducing community opposition to airport
development or expanded operation, the process can delay completion of needed facilities
because of political action or lawsuits. Apart from the direct costs of legal action, these delays
can add significantly to the costs or benefits of specific projects. In extreme cases, despite
implementing many known noise mitigation procedures, airports have been forced to aban-
don development of much needed new facilities because of unmanaged expectations from
aircraft noise.
As demand for more air travel forces more metropolitan regions to expand existing air-
ports or seek sites for new secondary airports or even to relocate existing airports from con-
strained sites, community attitudes toward new and expanded airports will become an even
more important element of airport system planning. Although various factors influence
community attitudes about airport operations, aircraft noise is the dominant issue at many
airports. Research is needed to provide airports with tools to manage these noise issues.
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Under ACRP Project 2-05, Landrum and Brown was asked to (1) develop an informative
guidebook about local aircraft noise to inform readers with a direct interest, involvement,
or investment in airports; (2) develop a toolkit that airport decision makers can use to man-
age expectations related to aircraft noise within the community; (3) investigate alternative
metrics to communicate noise issues to the community; and (4) suggest other improve-
ments that go beyond current practice to ease aircraft-noise issues. For this research, the
term "noise issues" involves the socioeconomic, political, operational, safety, environmen-
tal, and legal impacts of aircraft noise on an airport; the complaints about aircraft noise from
neighbors; the effects that noise has on neighbors; and the communication between the air-
port and its neighbors.
To accomplish the project objectives, the research team (1) conducted a thorough review
of relevant domestic and international literature, research, existing regulatory requirements,
published technical guidance, known mitigation techniques, and other appropriate mate-
rial associated with the various aspects of the noise issue; (2) surveyed a representative sam-
ple of airports (privately and publicly owned), including general aviation, reliever, large-,
medium-, small-, and non-hub, air carrier airports and conducted follow-up interviews
with persons of interest identified during the initial survey to identify the elements included
in individual airport-noise programs, determine how the program elements are imple-
mented, and assess their relative success or failure; (3) evaluated relevant practices, existing
guidance, research findings, and other information on the range of noise issues identified;
(4) identified techniques that can be used by airports to educate, establish, and reasonably
manage expectations in the community and categorized techniques by type of noise issue;
and (5) prepared the guidebook and CD-based toolkit.
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CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Guidebook Summary
2 Purpose of the Guidebook
2 How to Use the Guidebook
3 The Relationship Between Environmental Planning for Airports and
General Community Response Factors
4 Culture Shift Required
6 Best Practices in Achieving Effective Communications: 6 Keys
6 Build Trust Through "Good" Two-Way Communications
6 Put Senior Leadership Out Front
6 Use Graphics to Illustrate the Message
6 Have a Transparent Process
6 Select Staff for Service-Oriented Attitude (People-Skills)
7 Be Ahead with Communication
7 Best Metrics to Communicate the Characteristics of Noise
7 Cumulative versus Single Event Noise
8 Best Practices for Managing Noise Compatibility Issues
10 Chapter 2 Need for Building Relationships
10 Legal/Administrative Requirements for Public Contact
11 Shifting to a Public Service-Oriented Approach
12 Chapter 3 Desired Outcomes of a Community
Engagement Program
12 Airport and Non-Airport Communication Goals
12 Potential Communication Objectives
13 Defining and Measuring Success
13 Consequences of Doing Nothing
13 Example Evaluation Questions
14 How Much is Enough? -- One Size Does Not Fit All
14 The Highway Experience with Public Engagement
14 What Does the Public Really Want?
15 Chapter 4 Community Engagement Strategies
and Techniques
15 Introduction
16 When to Use This Chapter
16 Community Engagement Strategies
16 Strategies for Successful Community Engagement
17 How to Use the Engagement Strategies
17 Strategies for Successful Community Engagement
27 When and How is it Best to Start?
27 Self-Assessment Tool
28 When to Use the Self-Assessment Tool
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28 How to Use the Self-Assessment Tool
32 Implementation Steps Matrix
33 What is in the Implementation Steps Matrix?
33 How to Use the Implementation Steps Matrix
36 Community Engagement Techniques and Tools
37 Community Involvement Manuals
38 Communications Checklists
40 Checklists for Meeting Preparation and Meeting Announcements
41 Brochures
43 Fact Sheets
44 Flyers or Posters
45 Newsletters
46 Frequently Asked Questions
47 Annual Reports and Noise Program Overviews
49 Multimedia Presentations
51 Websites
52 Interactive Learning Tool
54 Advanced Technology Demonstrations
55 Outreach Vehicle Tools
56 Chapter 5 Case Studies in Airport/Stakeholder
Communication
56 Content and Case Overview
56 Airport and Peer Industry Literature Review
57 Airport Case Studies
58 University Case Study
59 Literature Review of Peer Industries
59 Best Practices in the Airport Industry: An Assessment
of Airport Community Involvement Efforts
61 Study Conclusions
61 Best Practices in the Transportation Industry: Transportation Research Board
White Paper
62 Study Findings
62 What is Good Practice?
63 Challenges to Practitioners: Areas for Development
64 Vision for the Next Decade
64 Conclusions
65 Best Practices in the Environmental Industry: Stakeholder Involvement &
Public Participation by the U.S. EPA (15)
65 Study Findings
67 Questions to Consider in Reviewing Outreach Effectiveness
67 Conclusions
67 Case Studies
67 Large/Medium-Hub Airport with Passenger Service--San Francisco
International Airport (SFO)
70 Small/Non-Hub Airport with Passenger Service--Long Beach Airport (LGB)
73 Cargo Hub Airport--Louisville International Airport/Standiford Field (SDF)
76 Large General Aviation/Reliever Airport--Van Nuys Airport (VNY)
80 Smaller General Aviation Airport--Ohio State University Airport (OSU)
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82 Education Industry--Crisis in the College/University Relationship with
the Community: A Case Study (14)
85 Conclusions
87 Chapter 6 Noise Management and Public Response
88 Legislative Control of Aviation
88 Congressional and Federal Regulatory Actions
90 FAA Orders and Guidance on Environmental Planning
91 State and Local Action
92 Mandatory and Voluntary Noise Abatement Actions
92 Airport Role in Comprehensive Planning
93 Stakeholder Involvement and Jurisdictional Coordination
94 Implementation Responsibilities and Constraints
94 Information to Respond to Typical Public Concerns About Noise
94 Cumulative versus Single Event Noise Levels
95 Thresholds of Significant Noise
100 Difference Between Noise Impact and Noise Effect
100 Difference Between Compatible and Incompatible (Noise-Sensitive)
Land Uses
101 Differences within the FAA Divisions Regarding Thresholds of Noise Level
Evaluation (60/65 DNL in Airports vs. 45/60/65 DNL in Air Traffic)
102 Precedence of Federal and State/Local Standards and When Applicable
104 Measured versus Computer-Modeled Noise Levels
105 Aircraft Noise-Based Vibration and Rattle
105 Sound Insulation Programs for Noise Abatement
107 Difference between Interior and Exterior Sound Levels and Methods
to Abate Each
108 Contour and Impact Area Change Over Time and the Differences
Between Federal and Local Response to Change
109 Self Assessment Tools for Noise Management Programs
110 Evaluation Checklist for Airports without Noise Programs
110 Evaluation Checklist for Airports with Established Noise Programs
111 Chapter 7 Noise Metrics and Community Response
112 Cumulative Noise Metrics
113 Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL or Ldn)
113 Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL)
114 Equivalent Sound Level (Leq)
114 Single Event Noise Metrics
114 Sound Exposure Level (SEL)
115 Maximum A-Weighted Sound Level (Lmax)
116 Slant Range Distance/Altitude
116 Hybrid Metrics
116 Number of Events Above (NA)
117 Time Above
118 Best Applications
119 Chapter 8 Noise Abatement (Airside) Techniques
119 Noise Complaint Characteristics
122 Flight Management Techniques
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122 Continuous Descent Approach (CDA)
122 Preferential Runway Use Program
123 Flight Track Modifications to Fly Over Compatible Uses
124 Take Off Thrust and Flap Management Procedures
124 Approach Thrust and Flap Management Procedures
125 Ground Operations Techniques
125 Limit the Use of Reverse Thrust on Arrival
125 Restrict Ground Run-up Activity
126 Limit Taxiing Power
126 Facility Development Actions
126 Runway or Taxiway Addition or Relocation
126 Displaced Threshold - Landings
127 Relocated Runway End - Takeoffs
127 High Speed Exit Taxiways
128 Noise Barriers/Berms/Shielding
128 Restrict Apron/Gate Power
128 Enhanced Navigational Aids
129 Airport Access Restrictions
131 Pilot Awareness Programs
131 Best Practices
133 Chapter 9 Land Use Management Techniques
for Noise Abatement
134 Land Management Actions an Airport May Implement
134 Purchase of Non-Compatible Land
135 Acquisition of Noise and Overflight Easements
135 Waiver of Claim
136 Development Rights Transactions
136 Purchase Assurance/Sales Assistance
137 Sound Insulation of Noise-Sensitive Noncompatible Structures
137 Land Use Actions Requiring Implementation by Others
137 Comprehensive Community Planning
138 Compatible Land Use Zoning
138 Noise Impact Overlay Zoning
139 Subdivision Code Modifications
139 Dedication of Noise and Overflight Easements
140 Noise Level/Nuisance Disclosure Statement
140 Development Density Restrictions in High Noise Areas
141 Plat Modifications to Move Open Space into Noisiest Areas
141 Building Code Modifications
142 Review of Development Proposals
142 Best Practices in Land Use Management for Noise Compatibility
144 References
