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OCR for page 187
Index
Acid deposition, 3,11, 33, 46, 59, 77,
131-144, 185-186
biological damage, 136-137
chemical processes, 131-132, 133-141
(passim), 185
economic factors, buildings, 141-142,
185
forests, 136, 138-141, 143, 185-186
fossil fuels, 132,133
greenhouse effect, 141
historical perspectives, 132-133,
136-142, 143
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 131,
132, 133, 141, 185
policy, 142, 170
soils, 134-135, 136, 140, 141, 143
Adirondack Mountains, 140
Africa, 8, 29, 78, 132, 135, 150, 151, 174
deforestation, 117, 119,124
population, 52
see also specific countries
Agricultural University in the
Netherlands, 84
Agriculture, 2, 79-82, 186
deforestation, 56-57,116, 118-120,
130, 174
fertilizers, 57, 66, 79, 82, 84, 119
genetics, 11,125,128, 152-153
187
geologic conditions, 29
greenhouse effect, 76, 82-89,153,182
historical perspectives, 56-57, 79, 88
irrigation, 79, 80, 85-88
ozone layer depletion, 113-114
pesticides, 57, 79, 82
plant species extinction, 125
production and productivity, 52,
78-89
sea level inundation, 93
seasonal variation, 83, 87, 88-89, 153
Air pollution, 9
automobiles, 49-50, 142
emission controls, 53, 142-143, 156,
177-178
industrial emissions, 33,142-143, 156,
177-178
international agreements, general,
155-156, 177-178
Montreal Protocol, 9, 66, 106, 114-115,
149, 171, 177, 186
policy issues, 177-178
research support, 156, 177-178
volcanic dust, 16-17, 29,112
see also Acid deposition; Greenhouse
effect; Ozone layer; Trace gases;
and specific pollutants
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188
Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger
Program, 80, 89
Amazon River, 67, 118, 119, 120-121,
124
American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 2
Andes, 128
Angola, 117
Antarctica, 91-92
geologic record, 24-25
ozone hole, 4, 59,103-104, 106,
107-111, 112, 174, 186
vortex, 109,110, 111-112
Appalachians, 138, 140
Arctic, 109,111-112, 183
Greenland, 24-25, 87-88
tundra, 42
Ardekani, Siamak, 55
Asbestos, 57
Asia, 117,119, 135
see also specific countries
Atmospheric Impact Research Group,
81
Atmospheric processes, 32-37,174
chemical, 18, 21,104-113,131-132,
133-141 (passing, 185;
circulation, 22-23, 26, 27-30, 36-38,
69-73, 83-86, 109, 110, 111-112,
113
dust, 25, 29, 32
marine interactions, 37-40, 45, 68, 73,
114
models, 18, 22-23, 27-30, 36-37, 39,
67, 68-74, 83-87, 108, 122, 129,
143, 181-182, 186
moisture, 23, 29, 33, 42, 64, 109, 110,
112, 133-134
ocean interactions, 37~0, 45, 114
polar vortex, 109, 110, 111-112
temperature, 26, 28, 29, 32-33, 34, 35,
37, 104, 109-112 (passim); see also
Greenhouse effect
see also Air pollution; Climate and
weather; Clouds; Ozone layer;
Trace gases
Australia, 46, 110
Ausubel, Jesse, 55
Automobiles, 49-50, 142
Bangladesh, 97, 98-99,121
Barrier islands, 96,100-101
Basel Convention, 149-150
Bay of Bengal, 121
Beaches, 96
INDEX
Biological processes
acid deposition, effects, 136-137
biogeochemical cycles, 18, 21, 26-27,
31, 33, 35, 38-39, 40=s2, 43
evapotranspiration, 87, 121
models, 18, 41, 73
photosynthesis, 21, 26-27, 30, 33,
38-39, 85
plankton, 26-27, 38, 40, 114
see also Diseases and disorders;
Extinction, species
Biomass, 42
Biotechnology, 125,128, 152-153
Bolivia, 117
Borneo, 124
Brahmaputra River, 121
Brazil, 46, 67,117-118, 119,120, 121,
124
Brazilian National Institute for
Amazonian Research, 117-118
Bretherton, Francis, 18-19
British Meteorological Survey, 103
Broadus, James, 97
Bromine, 107, 109
Brown University, 80, 89
Brundtland Commission, see World
Commission on Environment and
Development
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 7,115,
147-157
Buildings, 141-142, 185
Bush, George, 10,169-186
Canada, 28, 59,129,132,135,136,
137-138, 174, 185, 186
Cancer, 57,113-114, 125
Carbon dioxide, 3, 9, 36, 75,156,181
cycling, 33, 35, 38-39, 40~2, 43
fossil fuel releases, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42,
53, 64-65, 75, 116, 121, 154
ice age processes, 24, 25, 26-27, 35,
39, 43, 129
industrialized countries, 52, 53, 54,
64-65, 156
marine processes, 3~39
plant growth and, 84-85, 121-123, 126
see also Greenhouse effect
Carter, Timothy, 83-84
Centro de Energia Nuclear na
Agricultura, 121
Chemical processes, 17
acid deposition, 131-132,133-141
(passim), 185
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INDEX
atmospheric, 18, 21, 10~113, 131-132,
133-141 (passim), 185; see also
Trace gases
biogeochemical cycles, 18, 21, 2~27,
31, 33, 38-39, 41
marine sediment cores, 25
ozone layer, 104 113
Chen, Robert, 80
China, 120, 132
Chlorine, 106, 108,109-110,112,113
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 3, 9, 33,
57, 66, 69, 10~107, 109, 156, 174,
181, 184, 186
Montreal Protocol, 9, 66,106, 11~115,
149, 171, 177, 186
Cities, see Urban areas
Clark University, 56
Clark, William C., 48
Clean Air Act of 1970, 142
Climate and weather, 17, 78-89
drought, 29, 40, 63, 88, 153, 174
extinction, species, 77,128,129,153
geological record, 21-30, 71
historical adaptations, 87-88
ice ages, 24-28, 29, 35, 39, 43, 71, 91,
129
marine processes, 18, 3700, 45, 68, 73
models, general circulation, 22-23,
27-30, 36-37, 6~74, 83-86, 129
models, other, 18, 39, 67, 68-69, 87,
108, 122, 143, 181-182, 186
Pangaea, 21-24
policy issues, 180-183
storms, 71, 93, 99,182
see also Acid deposition; Atmospheric
processes; Greenhouse effect;
Hydrology; Precipitation
(meteorolo~v); Seasonal variation
189
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project
(COHMAP), 27-29
Cole d'Ivoire, 117,124
Crosson, Pierre, 81-82, 88
Current Issues in Atmospheric Change, 68
Daily, Gretchen, 79
Dangerous substances, 57
Basel Convention, 149-150
Davis, Margaret, 128-129
Debt, developing countries, 8,151, 152
Declaration of The Hague, 155
Deltas, 93, 97-100,120
Dematerialization, 55
Demography, see Population factors
Deserts and desertification, 29,153
Developing countries, 4, 5-8, 53, 59, 89,
174, 183
debt, 8,151, 152
deforestation, 5, 52, 117-125
deltas, 97, 98-99
energy 177
old technologies used, 55, 57, 58-59
policy issues, 150, 151-154,178
population, 51-52, 55, 78, 97, 118-119
sea-level increases, 93, 94-95, 97,
98-99, 102
World Bank, 8,151
World Commission on Environment
and Development, 6-8, 59, 115,
149, 150
Dimethylsulfide, 27
Dioxide, 108
Diseases and disorders, 57,125,183,
186
malnourishment, 78
ultraviolet radiation, 113-114, 185
Clouds, 27, 140 Drought, 29, 40, 63, 88, 153, 174
polar stratospheric, 109,110, 112, 113 ' '
solar radiation, 32, 37, 44 45, 68
Coal, 58-59, 132, 133, 142, 143-144,177
Coastal zones, 11, 90-102
deltas, 93, 97-100
estuaries, 93-94
see also Sea level
Colombia, 124
Computer simulations, see Models
Congress, 96
Conservation International, 125
Consumers and consumption
dematerialization, 55
energy, 4-5, 53, 58
per capita, 50
Earth as Transformed by Human
Action, The (program), 56
Earth orbit, seasonal variation, 26, 28,
29
Earthquakes, 17
Earth surface, 32-33, 37, 39, 41- 45
atmospheric-marine interactions,
37~0, 45, 68, 73, 114
land, 40~3
warming, 69, 70
Earth Systems Sciences Committee, 16
Easterling, William, 81, 88
Economic factors, 4-5, 7, 72
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90
acid deposition, buildings, 141-142,
185
air pollution research support, 156
debt, 8, 151, 152
deforestation, 130-131
emission controls, 142-143, 176, 178
GNP, 53
industrialization, 19, 33, 51, 55, 56 60,
65
market forces, 87, 88, 150-151
model development, 74
policy, 149, 150-151
prices and price controls, 8, 60, 75,
151, 153
production and productivity, 9, 50,
52, 55, 78-89
sea-level increases, 100-102
standards of living, 5, 49, 50, 53, 55,
150, 154
see also Developing countries;
Industrialized countries
Egypt, 97, 99
Ehrlich, Anne, 79
Ehrlich, Paul, 49-50, 79, 80
El Chichon, 112
El Niho, 38, 40
Emission controls, 53, 142-143, 156,
177-178
Energy resources
alternative, 10, 58-59, 119, 155-156,
177
conservation, 77
consumption, 4-5, 53, 58
deforestation, 119
efficiency, 10
and GNP, 53
policy issues, 176-177
see also Fossil fuels
Environmental Protection Agency, 4,
60, 87, 96, 100, 113, 141
Error and error analysis, 19, 57
see also Uncertainty, models
Erwin, Terry L., 124
Estuaries, 93-94
Ethiopia, 78
Europe, 6, 29, 46, 53, 84, 87, 94, 116,
132-133, 135, 138, 140, 151, 174,
185, 186
see also specific countries
Evaporation, 44, 45, 12~121
Evapotranspiration, 87, 121
Experimental Lakes Area, 136
Extinction, species, 123-131
acid deposition, 136-137
deforestation, 46, 80, 128, 129
INDEX
greenhouse effect, 77, 128, 129, 153
Pangaea, 23
Farman, Joseph, 103-104
Fearnside, Philip, 117-118
Federal Republic of Germany, 138, 140,
150
Fertilizers, 57, 66, 79, 82, 84, 119
Fish and fisheries, 136-137
Flooding, see Inundation
Florida, 96
Food and Agriculture Organization,
117, 119
Food and food industry, see Agriculture
Forests, 3, 11, 33, 44, 46, 11~131, 154
acid deposition, 136, 138-141, 143,
185-186
agricultural development, 56-57, 116,
118-120, 130, 174
developing countries, 5, 52, 117-125
extinction species, 46, 80, 128, 129
see Tropical forests
Forum on Global Change and Our
Common Future, 2, 4, 5, 67
agenda and speakers, 163-167
keynote address, 147-157
Fossil fuels, 4, 52, 58, 102
acid deposition, 132, 133
alternatives, 10, 58-59
carbon releases, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42, 53,
64-65, 75, 116, 121, 154
coal, 58-59, 132, 133, 142, 143-144,
177
natural gas, 58-59, 132
France, 25
Frosch, Robert, 59
Gallimore, Robert G., 22-23
Gallopoulos, Nicholas, 59
Gasoline, 132
prices, 8, 60
Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul, 93
General circulation models, 22-23,
27-30, 36-37, 69-74, 83, 84, 129
General Motors, 59
Genetics, 11, 125, 128, 152-153
Geologic processes, 2, 16-17, 20
biogeochemical cycles, 18, 21, 26-27,
31, 38-39, 41
climate, 21-30, 71
extinction, 23
ice age, 24-28, 29, 35, 39, 43, 71, 91,
129
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INDEX
ozone layer formation, 21
Pangaea, 21-24
volcanoes, 1~17, 24, 29,112
see also Glaciology
Germany, see Federal Republic of
Germany
Gibbons, John H., 53
Glaciology, 17, 40,182
ice ages, 24-28, 29, 35, 39, 43, 71, 91,
129
sea ice, 67, 70
subsidence and rise, 92
Gleick, Peter H., 86
Goemans, Tom, 102
Government role, 8,10
Gradwohl, Judith, 130-131
Gray, Paul, 57
Great Lakes, 72
Greenberg, Russell, 130-131
Greenhouse effect, 1, 3, 5, 9,10, 32-37,
52, 63-78, 170, 171, 174, 180-183
acid deposition and, 141
agriculture, 76, 82-89, 153, 182
extinction, species, 77,128,129,153
geology and, 25, 27-30
industrialized countries, 52, 53, 54,
64-65, 156
international policy, 153, 154, 155, 156
ozone and, 105,186
scientific issues, 180-183
Venus, 32, 64
water vapor, 44, 64
see also Sea level
Greenhouse Warming: Abatement and
Adaptation, 86
Greenland, 24-25, 87-88
Green Mountains, 140
Gross National Product, 53
Groundwater, 80, 93-94, 97-98,100
Haiti, 120
Halocarbons, 107
Harvard University, 20-21, 39, 48, 125
Health, see Diseases and disorders
Hekstra, Gjerrit, 93
Herman, Robert, 55
Himalayas, 121, 124
Historical perspective, 18, 20, 45~8,
151
acid deposition, 132-133,143,136-142
agriculture, 56-57, 79, 88
animal product uses, 124
automobiles, 49-50
carbon dioxide releases, 75
chlorofluorocarbons, 57
19~1
climate, 17, 35, 87-88,181
deforestation, 117, 138-140
Industrial Revolution, 19, 33, 56-59,
65
monuments, 141-142, 185
population, 4, 50-51, 79
sea level, 94
vegetation, human effects on, 45-48,
56-57
wetlands, 95
Hodgkin's disease, 125
Hofmann, David J., 112
Holdren, John, 6, 50
Human factors, 1-5, 16, 45~8, 49-60,
174
animal product uses, 124
food production, 79
climate, 18, 30, 32, 68
extinction of other species, 125
political factors, 8, 10, 52, 149, 175
public opinion, 63
sea-level changes, 92-96
water cycle, 44
see also Diseases and disorders;
Historical perspective; Population
factors; Social factors
Hydrology, 17, 18
atmospheric moisture, 23, 29, 33, 42,
64, 109, 110, 112, 133-134; see also
Precipitation (meteorology)
deforestation, 52
general circulation models, 22-23,
27-30, 36-37, 69-74, 83-86, 129
lakes, 29, 46, 72,100,131-132,
135-138, 174
runoff, 86, 120-121
water cycle, 43-45, 52, 57, 85-87,
120-121
see also Evaporation; Glaciology;
Rivers
Ice Ages, 19, 24-38, 35, 39, 43, 71, 91,
129
Iltis, Hugh, 128
India, 57,117, 119
Indonesia, 46, 117
Industrialization, 19, 33, 51, 55, 5600,
65
Industrialized countries, 5-8,150
air pollution research support, 156,
177-178
carbon dioxide emissions, 52, 53, 54,
64 65, 156
waste, 53, 55
Infrared radiation, 32, 35, 65
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192
Insecticides, see Pesticides
Institute for Research on Public Policy,
59
Institute of Medicine, 10, 172
International Fund for the Atmosphere,
156
International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis, 84
International perspective, 6, 8, 60,
147-157, 172, 174-186
air pollution control, general, 15~165,
177-178
Basel Convention, 149-150
Declaration of The Hague, 155
Montreal Protocol, 9, 66, 106, 114-115,
149, 171, 177, 186
see also Developing countries;
Industrialized countries; United
Nations; and specific countries
Inundation, 92-97, 98-99, 102, 121
Irrigation, 79, 80, 85~8
Islands, 93, 96, 100-101, 120, 125
Japan, 89, 132, 150
Kates, Robert, 89
Keeling, Charles D., 35
Keller, Andrew, 86
Konijn, Nicolaas, 84
KPMG, 102
Kutzback, John E., 22-23, 27-28
Lakes, 29, 46, 72, 100, 131-132,
135-138, 174
Land sciences, 40-43
islands, 93, 96, 100-101, 120, 125
mountains, 24, 121, 128, 138, 140
subsidence and rise, 92, 97-98, 99
tundra, 42
see also Agriculture; Coastal zones;
Forests; Soil and soil science;
Vegetation
Latin America, 8, 132, 135
see also specific countries
Law
air pollution control, international,
15~156, 177-178
air pollution control, national, 53,
142-143, 177-178
Basel Convention, 149-150
Code of Hammurabi, 151
Clean Air Act, 142
Declaration of The Hague, 155
INDEX
Montreal Protocol, 9, 66, 106, 114-115,
149, 171, 177, 186
regulations, 142
Leukemia, 125
Lorius, Claude, 2~26
Louisiana, 95, 96, 97
Lovejoy, Thomas, 45, 124
Lung cancer, 57
MacNeill, Jim, 59 60
Madagascar, 125
Mahlman, Jerry, 67-69, 72
Maldives, 93
Malnourishment, 78
Malthus, Thomas, 79
Manabe, Syukuro, 86
Man's Role in Changing the Face of the
Earth, 56
Marine environments, 37~0
atmospheric interactions, 37Js0, 45,
68, 73, 114
coastal zones, 11, 77, 90-102
deltas, 93, 97-100, 120
estuaries, 93-94
islands, 93, 96, 100 101, 120, 125
models, 18, 37, 39, 68, 73
ozone layer depletion effects, 114
Mediterranean Sea, 4~46, 99
Pacific Ocean, 38, 125
photosynthesis, 21, 26-27, 30, 33,
3~39, 85
plankton, 2~27, 38, 40, 114
sea ice, 67, 70, 183
sediment cores, 25
wetlands, 93, 9~96, 101, 182
see also Sea level
Mars, 64
Marsh, George Perkins, 56
Martinelli, Luis Antonio, 121
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
57, 10~106
Mathematical models, see Models
Mathews, Jessica, 6
McCarthy, James, 39
McElroy, Michael, 2~21
Medicine, 125, 128
Mediterranean Sea, 45 46, 99
Meter, Mark, 91-92
Methane, 3~36, 42, 65 66, 181
Mexico, 112, 128
Miller, Roberta Balstad, 47
Milliman, John, 97
Mississippi River, 97
Models, 9, 47
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INDEX
atmospheric and climatic, 18, 22-23,
27-30, 36-37, 39, 67, 6~74, 83-87,
108, 122, 129, 143, 181-182, 186
biogeochemical, 18, 41
earth systems science, general, 18-19
emission control economics, 143
irrigation, 8~87
marine, 18
uncertainty affecting, 6~71, 74, 83,
89, 91, 143
see also Projections
Molina, Mario J., 105-107
Monoxide, 108, 109
Monsoons, 23, 29
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer, 9, 66,
106, 114-115, 149, 171, 177, 186
Mountains, 24,121,124,128,138, 140
Myers, Norman, 124
National Academy of Engineering, 10,
57, 172
National Academy of Sciences, 2, 10,
172
National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program, 140
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 16-17,18-19, 72,
73, 84, 104, 110
National Center for Atmospheric
Research, 9, 38, 72
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 67, 72, 73, 86,
103-104
National Ozone Expedition, 104
National Research Council, 86, 100, 101
National Science Foundation, 47
Natural gas, 58-59, 132
Netherlands, 84, 90,102
New Hampshire, 140
New York, 131-132,140
New Zealand, 110
Nile River, 97, 99
Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 32, 42,
66, 186
acid deposition, 131,132,133,141,
185
automobile emissions, 50,142
ozone layer chemistry, 105,108
North America, 29, 38, 46, 53, 71, 84,
94, 96, 116, 129, 132, 133, 135, 137,
140, 142, 174, 185, 186
see also Canada; and specific states
North Sea, 90
Norway, 151, 155-156
Nuclear war, 6
]93
Nutrition, 80-81
malnourishment, 78
Oceans, see Coastal zones; Marine
environments; Sea level
Office of Technology Assessment, 53
Oregon State University, 73
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 150, 151
Orogenesis, 24
Our Common Future, 6-8, 59, 149, 155,
156
Ozone
as greenhouse gas, 105, 186
tropical forests as sinks, 67
tropospheric, 33, 64, 66-67,105,140,
186
Ozone layer
agriculture, 113-114
Antarctic hole, 4, 59,103-104, 106,
107-111, 112, 174, 186
chemistry, 104-107
depletion, 1, 11, 33, 46, 103-114,174,
184-185
formation, 21
Montreal Protocol, 9, 66, 106, 11~115,
149, 171, 177, 186
see also Chlorofluorocarbons
Ozone Trends Panel, 110
Pacific Institute for Studies in
Development, the Environment,
and Security, 86
Pacific Ocean, 38,125
Pangaea, 21-24
Parry, Martin, 81, 83-84, 87, 88
Peru, 117,124, 128
Pesticides, 57, 79, 82
Peters, Robert, 45, 128,129
Peterson, Dean F., 86
Philippines, 125
Photosynthesis, 21, 2~27, 30, 33, 3~39,
85
Physical processes
deltas, 97, 120
erosion, 93, 97,120-121
evaporation, 44, 45, 120-121
ozone sinks, 67
subsidence, 92, 97-98, 99
Plankton, 26-27, 38, 40,114
Plotkin, Mark 125
Polar zones, see Antarctica; Arctic
Policy issues, 8-9, 32,147-157,166,
169-186
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94
acid deposition, 142,170
agricultural, 88
deforestation, 119, 130-131
developing countries, 150,151-154,
178
emission control, 53, 142-143,156,
176-177, 177-178
energy, 176-177
greenhouse effect, 74, 76,180-183
model use, 74
research 176-186 (passim)
Political factors, 8, 10, 52, 149, 175
Population factors, 4, 8, 9, 46, 50-53,
59, 77
agriculture, 29
carrying capacity, 78-89
deforestation, 118-119
developing countries, 51-52, 55, 78,
97, 118-119
genetic diversity, 11,125,128
refugees, 4, 94-95, 154, 183
sea level changes, 92-96
suburban migration, 55
trace gas increases, 65
see also Extinction, species; Urban
areas
Potential Effects of Global Climate Change
on the United States, 96
Precipitation (meteorology), 45, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 83, 86-87, 128
see also Acid deposition; Rain
Prices and price controls
commodity, 151
environmental damage included in,
60
food, 153
gasoline, 8, 60
fossil fuels, 75
Production and productivity, 9, 50
agricultural, 52, 78-89
dematerialization, 55
grain, 81, 84
Projections, 59 60,171
automobiles, 49
chlorofluorocarbons, 9
climate, 6~72, 91-92, 93
deforestation, 118, 124
extinction, 124
ozone depletion, 113
population, 51
sea level, 91-92, 93, 96, 98, 99-100,
101
uncertainty, models, 6~71, 74, 83, 89,
91, 143
Public opinion, 63
INDEX
Quality of life, see Standards of living
Radiation budget, 32-33, 34, 44 45
Rain, 183
geologic record, monsoons, 23, 29
monsoons, 23, 29
runoff, 86, 12~121
tropical forests, 117,120-121
see also Acid deposition
Refugees, 4, 94-95,154,183
Regulations, 142
Remote sensing, 39-40,111,171
Repetto, Robert, 119
Research, 176-186 (passim)
Resources for the Future, 81-82, 93,
122-123
Richey, Jeffrey, 121
Rivers
acid rain, 46
Amazon, 67,118,119,120-121, 124
Brahmaputra, 121
deltas, 93, 97-100,120
estuaries, 93-94
Mississippi 97
Nile, 97, 99
Rockefeller University, 55
Rocky Mountains, 24
Rosenberg, Norman, 72, 81~3
Rosenzweig, Cynthia, 89
Rowland, F. Sherwood, 10~107, 115
Ruckelshaus, William, 4, 5, 60
Salati, Eneas, 1118, 20,121
Salinity, 80, 93-94,183
Satellites, 42,104,111, 117,118,171
Schindler, David W., 135, 136-137
Schneider, Stephen H., 9, 72, 74, 76, 77,
83
Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, 140-141
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 35
Sea level, 3,10-11, 67, 70,154,171,182
coastal zones, 11, 77, 9~102
earth orbit variation, 26
historic changes, 46
Seasonal variation
crops, 83, 87, 88-89,153
earth orbit, 25, 28, 29
greenhouse effect, 67, 70, 83, 87,
8~89, 183
ozone layer, 109,111-112
vegetation and, 43
Sedjo, Roger A., 122-123
Sigma Xi, 2
Skin cancer, 113
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INDEX
Smith, Angus, 131
Smithsonian Institution, 2, 45, 124, 130
Social factors, 7, 9, 32, 52, 72, 80, 149
institutional, 47, 180
sea level increases, 100-101
standards of living, 5, 49, 50, 53, 55,
150, 154
see also Economic factors; Political
factors; Population; Urban areas
Soils and soil science, 3
acid deposition, 134-135,136, 140,
141, 143
carbon cycle, 42
erosion, 93, 97, 120-121
moisture, 85
Solar radiation, 26, 29, 32, 37, 42, 186
clouds and, 32, 37, 44 45, 68
forest absorption, 121
infrared, 32, 35, 65
ozone layer chemistry, 105,109,
112-113
radiation budget, 32-33, 34, 44 45
seasonal, 28
sunspots, 112-113
see also Ultraviolet radiation
Solomon, Susan, 104,107, 112
South America, see Latin America; and
specific countries
Southern Oscillation, 38
Soviet Union, 6, 84, 132,151
Soybeans, 113-114
Space Science and Engineering Center,
18-19
Spatial dimension, 16, 74
Sri Lanka, 124
Standards of living, 5, 49, 50, 53, 55,
150, 154
Stanford University, 42~3, 79
Statutes, see Law
Storms, 71, 93, 99,182
Stratosphere, 69
clouds, 109,110,112, 113
see also Ozone layer
Subsidence, 92, 97-98, 99
Suburbs, 55
Sudan, 78
Sulfur oxides, 27,112, 131, 132, 133,
137-138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 185
Sweden, 112
Systems theory, general, 16-19, 31-48
Taxes, 119
Technology, 148
-195
biotechnology, 125,128, 152-153
de m a teria liz a ti on, 5 3, 55
developing countries, 55
forest preservation, 130
pollution and, 53
research, 176-186 (passim)
sea-level inundation prevention, 100,
101-102
unanticipated consequences, 57
Technology and Environment, 57
Temperature processes
atmospheric, 26, 28, 29, 32-33, 34, 35,
37,104, 109-112 (passim)
biogeochemical factors, 27, 38-39
earth orbit and seasons, 25, 28, 29
extinction, species, 128,129
land, 44, 45
marine, 37, 38, 45
ozone layer chemistry, 104,109-112
(passim)
tropical forests, 42, 120
see also Greenhouse effect; Seasonal
variation
Temporal dimension, 17
models, 18,-28-30, 89
see Geology; Historical perspective;
Projections
Thailand, 130
Thomas, William L., 56
Titus, James, 94, 95-96, 97
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer,
104, 108
Trace gases, 3, 9, 33, 35-36, 42, 41 45,
64-67, 108, 181
see also specific gases
Trenberth, Kevin, 38
Tropical forests, 2, 9, 42, 77, 116-131,
171, 174, 183-184
Brazil, 46, 67,117-118,119, 120, 121,
124
extinction species, 46, 80, 128
ozone sinks, 67
Tropical regions, 38, 71,114, 125
Troposphere, ozone, 33, 64, 6~67, 105,
140, 186
Tundra, 42
Turner II, B. L., 56
Ultraviolet radiation, 1, 21, 106, 112,
185
human effects, 113-114, 185
see also Ozone layer
Uncertainty, models, 68 71, 74, 83, 89,
91, 143
OCR for page 196
96
United Kingdom, 73, 81, 84,103,132,
133
United Nations, 4, 7, 52, 84, 87, 93, 117,
119, 152
see also World Commission on
Environment and Development
University of Alberta, 135
University of Bayreuth, 140-141
University of Birmingham, 81, 84
University of California, 6, 50,105-106
University of Minnesota, 129
University of Sao Paula, 118,121
University of Texas, 55
University of Washington, 121
University of Wisconsin, 18-19, 22,128
University of Wyoming, 112
Urban areas, 56
acid deposition and buildings,
141-142, 185
emission controls, 53, 142
sea level rise, 100
suburban migration, 55
water subsystem, 44
Vegetation, 42-43
carbon dioxide and, 84~5, 121-123,
126
evapotranspiration, 87, 121
extinction, effects, 128,129
genetics, 11,125,128, 152-153
greenhouse effect, 71
historic human effects on, 45~8,
56-57
ozone depletion effects, 113-114
photosynthesis, 21, 26-27, 30, 33,
38-39, 85
see also Agriculture; Forests; Tropical
forests
Venus, 32, 64
Vermont, 140
Vernadsky, W. I., 56
Victoria, Reynaldo Luiz, 121
Vitousek, Peter, 42~3, 79
Volcanoes, 16-17
INDEX
ice age processes, 24, 29
ozone layer, 112
Waste and waste management, 53, 55
Basel Convention, 149-150
as fuel, 58
Water pollution
agricultural, 57, 66, 79, 82, 84,119
wetlands and, 95
salinity, 80, 9~94, 183
see also Acid deposition
Water supply, 80, 85-87
irrigation, 79, 80, 85-88
Water systems, see Coastal zones;
Hydrology; Lakes; Marine
environments; Precipitation
(meteorology); Rivers
Weather, see Climate and weather
Wetherald, Richard, 86
Wetlands, 93, 95-96,101,182
see also Deltas
Wildlife, 3
acid deposition, 136-137
conservation, 130
fish and fisheries, 136-137
historic human effects on, 45-48
ozone depletion effects, 114
see also Extinction, species
Wilson, Edward O., 125
Winds, 113,128, 177
Woods Hole Oceanogrpahic Institution,
97, 99
World Bank, 8,151
World Commission on Environment
and Development, 6-8, 59, 115,
149, 150
World Resources Institute, 6, 54,119
World War II, 60; 75
World Watch Institute, 79
World Wildlife Fund, 45, 128
Zabinski, Catherine, 128-129
Zaire, 117
Representative terms from entire chapter:
acid deposition
