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Table 8. True grades of the research binders as determined
by NCAT.
Producer's Grade
Binder Reported Binder NCAT results Confirmed?
ID Grade True Grade Yes/No Comments
M PG 82-22 85.5 -19.5 No Failed BBR
N PG 82-22 84.3 -25.5 Yes
G PG 76-22 82.5 -24.2 No Met higher grade
H PG 76-22 78.3 -26.1 Yes
C PG 70-34 75.1 -38.9 Yes
I PG 70-28 71.8 -29.2 Yes
B PG 64-40 69.3 -37.3 No Failed BBR
F PG 64-22 67.8 -21.3 No Failed DTT
O PG 64-28 65.6 -29.7 Yes
K PG 64-16 65.3 -13.0 No Failed BBR & DTT
J PG 64-16 64.3 -20.7 Yes
E PG 58-34 60.9 -33.1 No Failed BBR
D PG 58-28 60.3 -26.0 No Failed DTT
some of the mixing and compaction temperatures from the ducer's recommended mixing temperature range for each
Phase Angle method are lower and some are higher than from respective binder was determined and opacity was inter-
the equiviscous method. polated at this temperature. This, in effect, normalized the
opacity data to an appropriate reference temperature for
each binder. These opacity values were then ranked and
SEP Tests
graphed in Figure 19.
Table 12 shows a summary of the opacity results from the It can be observed from the SEP opacity data there is no
SEP tests on the binders. Although these data show that emis- apparent link between opacity and binder high grade, binder
sions increase with higher temperatures, the amount and rate low grade, grade spread, or whether the binder is modified.
of emissions increase differs among the binders. Even binders from the same crude source--such as Binders B,
In order to properly compare the SEP opacity results for C, and E, which were refined from the same Canadian
the binders in the experiment, the midpoint of the pro- crude--had markedly different opacity results. This finding
Table 9. Mixing and compaction temperatures from the high shear
rate viscosity method.
Mixing Temperature °F (°C) Compaction Temperature °F (°C)
Binder Equiviscous High Shear Rate Equiviscous High Shear Rate
ID True Grade Method Viscosity Method Viscosity
M 85.5 -19.5 372 (189) 363 (184) 343 (173) 336 (169)
N 84.3 -25.5 433 (223) 433 (223) 401 (205) 401 (205)
G 82.5 -24.2 379 (193) 372 (189) 352 (178) 349 (176)
H 78.3 -26.1 365 (185) 363 (184) 338 (170) 338 (170)
C 75.1 -38.7 388 (198) 385 (196) 355 (179) 352 (178)
I 71.8 -29.2 333 (167) 333 (167) 311 (155) 311 (155)
B 69.3 -37.3 354 (179) 352 (178) 325 (163) 325 (163)
F 67.8 -21.3 320 (160) 318 (159) 298 (148) 297 (147)
O 65.6 -29.7 318 (159) 318 (159) 293 (145) 297 (147)
K 65.3 -13.0 295 (146) 295 (146) 271 (132) 275 (135)
J 64.3 -20.7 295 (146) 295 (146) 275 (135) 273 (134)
E 60.9 -33.1 293 (145) 293 (145) 273 (134) 297 (147)
D 60.3 -31.7 295 (146) 297 (147) 275 (135) 279 (137)
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Table 10. Mixing and compaction temperatures from the steady
shear viscosity method.
Mixing Temperature °F (°C) Compaction Temperature °F (°C)
Binder Equiviscous Steady Shear Equiviscous Steady Shear
ID True Grade Method Flow Viscosity Method Flow Viscosity
M 85.5 -19.5 372 (189) 296 (147) 343 (173) 275 (135)
N 84.3 -25.5 433 (223) 337 (169) 401 (205) 311 (155)
G 82.5 -24.2 379 (193) 340 (171) 352 (178) 312 (156)
H 78.3 -26.1 365 (185) 333 (167) 338 (170) 304 (151)
C 75.1 -38.7 388 (198) 320 (160) 355 (179) 291 (144)
I 71.8 -29.2 333 (167) 316 (158) 311 (155) 289 (143)
B 69.3 -37.3 354 (179) 325 (163) 325 (163) 295 (146)
F 67.8 -21.3 320 (160) 309 (154) 298 (148) 281 (138)
O 65.6 -29.7 318 (159) 309 (154) 293 (145) 280 (138)
K 65.3 -13.0 295 (146) 280 (138) 271 (132) 257 (125)
J 64.3 -20.7 295 (146) 289 (143) 275 (135) 263 (128)
E 60.9 -33.1 293 (145) 293 (145) 273 (134) 269 (132)
D 60.3 -31.7 295 (146) 289 (143) 275 (135) 262 (128)
does not agree with the conclusion from Stroup-Gardiner a relationship between mass loss and binder high grade, low
and Lange (31). Another example is the set of binders refined grade, grade spread, modified versus unmodified, or crude
from the blend of Alaskan slope and Canadian crudes, source.
D and I. These two binders also have substantially differ- Mass loss and opacity are not strongly correlated, as shown
ent opacity results at the producer's recommended mixing in Figure 20. The trend shows that higher mass loss generally
temperature. corresponds to higher opacity, but the relationship is not suit-
Another measurement from the SEP test is the mass loss able to use one measurement to predict the other. For some
of the binders due to exposure to high temperatures. A sum- binder samples, mass loss may include the loss of molecular
mary of the mass loss results are shown in Table 13. Mass water rather than purely a loss of volatile organic components
loss also increased with higher SEP test temperatures for all that would be better associated with opacity and changes in
of the binders. As with opacity, there does not appear to be physical properties of the binder.
Table 11. Mixing and compaction temperatures from
the Phase Angle Method.
Mixing Temp. °F (°C) Compaction Temp. °F (°C)
Freq. at Phase Phase
Equiviscous Equiviscous
Binder True =86° Angle Angle
Method Method
ID Grade T=80°C Method Method
M 85.5 -19.5 0.07 372 (189) 337 (169) 343 (173) 310 (154)
N 84.3 -25.5 0.03 433 (223) 341 (172) 401 (205) 313 (156)
G 82.5 -24.2 0.03 379 (193) 341 (172) 352 (178) 313 (156)
H 78.3 -26.1 0.22 365 (185) 332 (167) 338 (170) 305 (152)
C 75.1 -38.7 0.21 388 (198) 332 (167) 355 (179) 306 (152)
I 71.8 -29.2 2.98 333 (167) 320 (160) 311 (155) 296 (147)
B 69.3 -37.3 1.10 354 (179) 325 (163) 325 (163) 300 (149)
F 67.8 -21.3 75.00 320 (160) 307 (153) 298 (148) 285 (141)
O 65.6 -29.7 21.12 318 (159) 312 (156) 293 (145) 289 (143)
K 65.3 -13.0 800 295 (146) 297 (147) 271 (132) 277 (136)
J 64.3 -20.7 580 295 (146) 298 (148) 275 (135) 278 (137)
E 60.9 -33.1 37.85 293 (145) 309 (154) 273 (134) 287 (142)
D 60.3 -31.7 122.56 295 (146) 305 (152) 275 (135) 283 (139)
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Table 12. Opacity results from SEP test.
Avg. opacity (%) at test temp. Std. dev. of opacity at test temp.
True 130°C 150°C 170°C 190°C 130°C 150°C 170°C 190°C
ID Grade 266°F 302°F 338°F 374°F 266°F 302°F 338°F 374°F
M 85.5 -19.5 0.28 4.80 4.80 11.63 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.13
N 84.3 -25.5 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.79 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.05
G 82.5 -24.2 0.00 1.16 1.45 2.13 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.06
H 78.3 -26.1 0.22 2.83 5.27 13.21 0.11 0.08 0.4 0.78
C 75.1 -38.7 3.11 8.68 8.68 16.46 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.68
I 71.8 -29.2 0.23 4.41 10.21 16.62 0.08 0.22 0.54 1.09
B 69.3 -37.3 0.51 1.39 4.92 8.45 0.08 0.08 0.31 0.61
F 67.8 -21.3 0.00 1.09 1.16 2.12 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05
O 65.6 -29.7 0.26 0.14 5.35 11.84 0.12 0.17 0.34 0.76
K 65.3 -13.0 0.00 3.17 7.02 19.26 0.09 0.06 0.26 0.48
J 64.3 -20.7 0.22 3.37 8.94 12.94 0.09 0.07 0.14 0.36
E 60.9 -33.1 0.55 2.48 8.50 27.40 0.08 0.12 0.56 0.87
D 60.3 -31.7 0.07 2.53 5.23 7.53 0.05 0.11 0.24 0.64
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
Opacity %
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
N F E K G M O B D H J C I
Figure 19. Ranked opacity results after normalizing to the midpoint
of the producer's recommended mixing temperature.
Table 13. Mass loss results from SEP Test.
Avg. Mass Loss (%) Std. Dev. of Mass Loss (%)
True 130°C 150°C 170°C 190°C 130°C 150°C 170°C 190°C
ID Grade 266°F 302°F 338°F 374°F 266°F 302°F 338°F 374°F
M 85.5 -19.5 0.09 0.18 0.11 0.43 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02
N 84.3 -25.5 0.31 0.55 1.99 2.76 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06
G 82.5 -24.2 0.01 0.11 0.15 0.35 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02
H 78.3 -26.1 0.02 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02
C 75.1 -38.7 0.12 0.01 0.12 1.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.05
I 71.8 -29.2 0.12 0.23 0.63 1.09 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04
B 69.3 -37.3 0.31 0.01 0.34 0.95 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.05
F 67.8 -21.3 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02
O 65.6 -29.7 0.23 0.41 0.65 0.73 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03
K 65.3 -13.0 0.06 0.20 0.20 0.51 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03
J 64.3 -20.7 0.00 0.00 0.69 1.16 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.07
E 60.9 -33.1 0.00 0.12 0.56 1.11 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.06
D 60.3 -31.7 0.00 0.28 0.39 1.07 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05
