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PA RT 2
Final Report
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CONTENTS
5 Summary
5 S.1. Definition of Soft Costs
6 S.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice
8 S.3. Soft Cost Expenditures: As-Built Analysis
8 S.4. A New Approach to Estimate Soft Costs
9 S.5. Future Research Direction
10 Chapter 1 Introduction
10 1.1. Purpose of This Report
10 1.2. Background
11 1.3. Definition of Soft Costs
13 1.4. Organization of This Report
14 Chapter 2 Literature Review on Soft Cost Definition
and Components
14 2.1. Papers and Websites
15 2.2. Indirect Costs
15 2.3. Textbooks and Technical Books
16 2.4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Publications
16 2.5. European Sources
17 2.6. Summary and Conclusion
18 Chapter 3 Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice
18 3.1. In-Depth Interviews with Professional Cost Estimators
20 3.2. Questionnaire of Transit Cost Estimators
20 3.3. Questionnaire Results: Magnitude of Estimated Soft Costs
25 3.4. Questionnaire Results: Drivers Identified
27 3.5. Questionnaire Results: Impact of Drivers
31 Chapter 4 As-Built Soft Cost Analysis
31 4.1. Approach
31 4.2. Data Source: FTA Capital Cost Database
33 4.3. Potential Issues in Soft Cost Categorization
35 4.4. Historical Soft Costs
42 4.5. Relationships between Cost Drivers and Historical Soft Costs
53 Chapter 5 Conclusion
53 5.1. Literature Review
53 5.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice
54 5.3. As-Built Cost Analysis
55 5.4. Future Research Directions
56 Bibliography
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58 Appendix A Cost Estimators Interviewed
59 Appendix B Project Names and Descriptions in As-Built Analysis
59 B.1. Data Sources for Project Descriptions
59 B.2. Project Descriptions
73 Appendix C Supplementary As-Built Cost Analysis
73 C.1. Data Preparation and Standardization
73 C.2. Adjustments Addressing Different Cost Categorization
74 C.3. Adjustment for Inflation and Nationalization
74 C.4. Outliers Omitted
74 C.5. Vehicle Soft Costs
75 C.6. Soft Costs by Mode and Year
78 C.7. Soft Costs by Complexity: Overall Project Size
82 C.8. Soft Costs by Complexity: New versus Extension
84 C.9. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Not at grade
86 C.10. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Below Grade
88 C.11. Relationships Among Other Category Unit Costs
90 C.12. Soft Costs by Complexity: Right-of-Way Costs
90 C.13. Soft Costs and Project Development Budget
92 C.14. Soft Costs and Project Development Schedule
95 C.15. Vertical Profile and Soft Cost Measurement
96 C.16. Isolating Agency-Specific Effects
