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TCRP Report 138: Estimating Soft Costs for Major Public Transportation Fixed Guideway Projects (2010)
Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)

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Transportation Research Board. "What Are the Components of Soft Costs?." TCRP Report 138: Estimating Soft Costs for Major Public Transportation Fixed Guideway Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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Page
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Page
7
Front Matter (R1-R9)
Part 1: Guidebook (1-2)
Introduction (3-3)
Chapter 1 - What Are Soft Costs and Why Do They Matter? (4-4)
Chapter 2 - How and Who This Guidebook Helps: Audience and Circumstances (5-5)
Definition of Soft Costs (6-6)
What Are the Components of Soft Costs? (7-7)
Typical versus Less Typical Soft Costs (8-8)
What Soft Costs Are Not: It Depends on Perspective (9-10)
When Does FTA Ask for Soft Cost Estimates? (11-11)
Characteristics of the Federal Process That Affect Soft Costs (12-12)
Federal versus Non-Federal Projects (13-13)
Later Phases (14-15)
How Does This Practice Compare with Actual Costs? (16-17)
Art versus Science (18-18)
Quantifying Soft Costs (19-19)
Four-Step Process (20-24)
Applying These Steps: Two Example Projects (25-29)
Appendix A - FTA Capital Cost Database (30-31)
Appendix B - Soft Cost Estimation Worksheet (32-33)
Appendix C - Glossary (34-36)
Part 2: Final Report (37-39)
S.1. Definition of Soft Costs (40-40)
S.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice (41-42)
S.4. A New Approach to Estimate Soft Costs (43-43)
S.5. Future Research Direction (44-44)
1.2. Background (45-45)
1.3. Definition of Soft Costs (46-47)
1.4. Organization of This Report (48-48)
2.1. Papers and Websites (49-49)
2.3. Textbooks and Technical Books (50-50)
2.5. European Sources (51-51)
2.6. Summary and Conclusion (52-52)
3.1. In-Depth Interviews with Professional Cost Estimators (53-54)
3.3. Questionnaire Results: Magnitude of Estimated Soft Costs (55-59)
3.4. Questionnaire Results: Drivers Identified (60-61)
3.5. Questionnaire Results: Impact of Drivers (62-65)
4.2. Data Source: FTA Capital Cost Database (66-67)
4.3. Potential Issues in Soft Cost Categorization (68-69)
4.4. Historical Soft Costs (70-76)
4.5. Relationships between Cost Drivers and Historical Soft Costs (77-87)
5.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice (88-88)
5.3. As-Built Cost Analysis (89-89)
5.4. Future Research Directions (90-90)
Bibliography (91-92)
Appendix A - Cost Estimators Interviewed (93-93)
B.1. Data Sources for Project Descriptions (94-94)
B.2. Project Descriptions (95-107)
C.2. Adjustments Addressing Different Cost Categorization (108-108)
C.5. Vehicle Soft Costs (109-109)
C.6. Soft Costs by Mode and Year (110-112)
C.7. Soft Costs by Complexity: Overall Project Size (113-116)
C.8. Soft Costs by Complexity: New versus Extension (117-118)
C.9. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Not at Grade (119-120)
C.10. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Below Grade (121-122)
C.11. Relationships Among Other Category Unit Costs (123-124)
C.13. Soft Costs and Project Development Budget (125-126)
C.14. Soft Costs and Project Development Schedule (127-129)
C.15. Vertical Profile and Soft Cost Measurement (130-130)
C.16. Isolating Agency-Specific Effects (131-134)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (135-135)

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What Are Soft Costs? 9 10 Guideway & Track Elements (route miles) 20 Stations, Stops, Terminals, Intermodal (number) 30 Support Facilities: Yards, Shops, Admin. Bldgs 40 Sitework & Special Conditions 50 Systems 60 ROW, Land, Existing Improvements 70 Vehicles (number) 80 Professional Services 80.01 Preliminary Engineering 90 Unallocated Contingency 100 Finance Charges 80.02 Final Design Total Project Cost (10­100) 80.03 Project Management for Design and Construction 80.04 Construction Administration and Management 80.05 Professional Liability and Other Non-Construction Insurance 80.06 Legal; Permits; Review Fees by Other Agencies, Cities, etc. 80.07 Surveys, Testing, Investigation, Inspection 80.08 Start Up Exhibit 3. FTA Standard Cost Categories with Category 80 components. engineering, final design, and construction phases of the project. This includes environmental work, design, engineering and architectural services; specialty services such as safety or security analyses; and value engineering, risk assessment, cost estimating, scheduling, before and after studies, ridership modeling and analyses, auditing, legal services, administration and management, etc. by agency staff or outside consultants. The FTA directs applicants to classify any professional services directly related to right-of-way (ROW) acquisition (such as for appraisals and legal services) and vehicle procurement (such as engineering and design work) in their respective categories (SCC 60 and 70), not in SCC 80. What Are the Components of Soft Costs? Following the FTA's Standard Cost Category structure, most rail transit project soft costs are divided into the eight components of Category 80 shown in Exhibit 3. While all costs in SCC 80 are primarily for professional services, they may be incurred by agency staff or outside consultants, depending on the project. Soft costs are classified into components based on either the timing or purpose of the cost, as follows: · 80.01­Preliminary Engineering--All costs are included in this stage of the project development process. This includes the costs of early design, negotiations for operations and/or maintenance, developing financial plans, and ridership studies. Under alternative project delivery arrangements, the contractor's soft costs for preliminary engineering should be captured here, and the project sponsor may request that the contractor invoice and report costs under the SCC structure. · 80.02­Final Design--All costs associated with the final design (FD) stage. Costs for services similar to the above description are captured here. · 80.03­Project Management for Design and Construction--Project management oversight costs. Costs to support design, management, and administrative efforts for legal, technical, and environmental consultants are reported here.