TCRP Report 138: Estimating Soft Costs for Major Public Transportation Fixed Guideway Projects

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Bibliography 57 Paulson, B.C. and D.S. Barrie (1992). Professional Construction Management, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Pellicer, E. (2005). "Cost Control in Consulting Engineering Firms." Journal of Management in Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 21, No. 4, 189�192. Schexnayder, C.J. and R.E. Mayo (2004). Construction Management Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Schuette, S.D. and R.W. Liska (1994). Building Construction Estimating, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Soft Cost Definition. BusinessDictionary.com, http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/soft-cost.html (As of October 24, 2007). Standard Form of Cost Analysis (2003). Building Cost Information Service (BCIS), the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyers, UK. Stoy, C. and M. Wright (2006). "CEEC Code of Measurement for Cost Planning," Zeitschrift fur Immobilienokonomie--German Journal of Property Research, No. 1, 47�60. Tah, J., A. Thorpe, and R. McCaffer (1994). "A Survey of Indirect Cost Estimating in Practice." Journal of Construction Management and Economics, 12, 31�36. Ubeck, J. (2006). "Insight into Indirect Rates." Contract Management, Vol. 46, Issue 5, 26�35. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1997). Engineering Instructions: Construction Cost Estimates. EI 01D010, Department of Army, Washington, DC. http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Divisions/Engineering/Branches/CostEngineering/ DOCS/EI01D010CostEstimates.pdf (As of January 19, 2010). U.S. Federal Transit Administration (1995). Transit Capital Cost Price Index Study, Chapter 2: Definitions: Proj- ect Elements, Cost Categories and Fixed Guideway Technologies. http://www.fta.dot.gov/publications/ reports/other_reports/publications_4855.html (As of October 5, 2007). U.S. Federal Transit Administration (2003). Project & Construction--Management Guidelines, Appendix A: Cost Estimation Methodology. http://www.fta.dot.gov/publications/reports/other_reports/planning_environment_ 1344.html (As of October 5, 2007). U.S. Federal Transit Administration (2008). Standard Cost Category Workbook. Rev. 10, June 4, 2008. http:// www.fta.dot.gov/documents/SCC_Workbook.xls (As of July 21, 2008). What Are Hard Costs & Soft Costs, Build Max Learning Center, http://www.buildmax.com/help/budgeting_ what_are_hard_costs_and_soft_costs.asp (As of October 5, 2007).

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R9

Part 1: Guidebook 1-2

Introduction 3-3

Chapter 1 - What Are Soft Costs and Why Do They Matter? 4-4

Chapter 2 - How and Who This Guidebook Helps: Audience and Circumstances 5-5

Definition of Soft Costs 6-6

What Are the Components of Soft Costs? 7-7

Typical versus Less Typical Soft Costs 8-8

What Soft Costs Are Not: It Depends on Perspective 9-10

When Does FTA Ask for Soft Cost Estimates? 11-11

Characteristics of the Federal Process That Affect Soft Costs 12-12

Federal versus Non-Federal Projects 13-13

Later Phases 14-15

How Does This Practice Compare with Actual Costs? 16-17

Art versus Science 18-18

Quantifying Soft Costs 19-19

Four-Step Process 20-24

Applying These Steps: Two Example Projects 25-29

Appendix A - FTA Capital Cost Database 30-31

Appendix B - Soft Cost Estimation Worksheet 32-33

Appendix C - Glossary 34-36

Part 2: Final Report 37-39

S.1. Definition of Soft Costs 40-40

S.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice 41-42

S.4. A New Approach to Estimate Soft Costs 43-43

S.5. Future Research Direction 44-44

1.2. Background 45-45

1.3. Definition of Soft Costs 46-47

1.4. Organization of This Report 48-48

2.1. Papers and Websites 49-49

2.3. Textbooks and Technical Books 50-50

2.5. European Sources 51-51

2.6. Summary and Conclusion 52-52

3.1. In-Depth Interviews with Professional Cost Estimators 53-54

3.3. Questionnaire Results: Magnitude of Estimated Soft Costs 55-59

3.4. Questionnaire Results: Drivers Identified 60-61

3.5. Questionnaire Results: Impact of Drivers 62-65

4.2. Data Source: FTA Capital Cost Database 66-67

4.3. Potential Issues in Soft Cost Categorization 68-69

4.4. Historical Soft Costs 70-76

4.5. Relationships between Cost Drivers and Historical Soft Costs 77-87

5.2. Soft Cost Estimation: State of the Practice 88-88

5.3. As-Built Cost Analysis 89-89

5.4. Future Research Directions 90-90

Bibliography 91-92

Appendix A - Cost Estimators Interviewed 93-93

B.1. Data Sources for Project Descriptions 94-94

B.2. Project Descriptions 95-107

C.2. Adjustments Addressing Different Cost Categorization 108-108

C.5. Vehicle Soft Costs 109-109

C.6. Soft Costs by Mode and Year 110-112

C.7. Soft Costs by Complexity: Overall Project Size 113-116

C.8. Soft Costs by Complexity: New versus Extension 117-118

C.9. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Not at Grade 119-120

C.10. Soft Costs by Complexity: Percentage of Guideway Below Grade 121-122

C.11. Relationships Among Other Category Unit Costs 123-124

C.13. Soft Costs and Project Development Budget 125-126

C.14. Soft Costs and Project Development Schedule 127-129

C.15. Vertical Profile and Soft Cost Measurement 130-130

C.16. Isolating Agency-Specific Effects 131-134

Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications 135-135