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NCHRP Legal Research Digest 53: Liability Aspects of Bikeways (2010)
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Legal Program (NCHRPLEGL)

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Thomas, Larry W, Transportation Research Board. "D. Immunity for Negligent Design Based on a Statutory Exemption for Discretionary Activity." NCHRP Legal Research Digest 53: Liability Aspects of Bikeways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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COVER (1-1)
CONTENTS (2-2)
SECTION 1. FEDERAL LAWS ENCOURAGING THE DESIGNATION AND USE OF BIKEWAYS (3-3)
A. Introduction (4-4)
B. Whether a Public Entity Has a Duty to a Bicyclist (5-5)
C. Whether a Public Entity's Alleged Negligence Was the Proximate Cause of the Plaintiff's Claim (6-6)
A. Interplay Between a Tort Claims Act and a Recreational Use Statute in Bikeway-Accident Claims Against Public Entities (7-7)
B. Immunity From Bikeway Claims Under Some Recreational Use Statutes (8-8)
A. State Tort Claims Acts (9-9)
B. No General Duty to Install or Provide Highway Signs, Signals, or Pavement Markings (10-10)
C. Whether a Public Entity Had Notice of a Dangerous Condition (11-11)
D. The Governmental/Proprietary Test Applicable to Municipal Corporations in Some States (12-12)
A. The Meaning of the Discretionary Function Exemption (13-13)
B. The Meaning of the Discretionary Function Exemption in State Tort Claims Acts (14-15)
C. The Discretionary Function Exemption and Bikeway Claims Against Public Entities (16-16)
D. Immunity for Negligent Design Based on a Statutory Exemption for Discretionary Activity (17-19)
E. Application of the Discretionary Exemption to the Maintenance of Bikeways (20-20)
A. Warning Signs (21-21)
B. Traffic Control Devices (22-22)
C. Stop Signs and Speed Limit Signs (23-23)
D. Pavement Markings (24-24)
F. Guardrails and Barriers (25-25)
G. Shoulders and Adjacent Areas (26-26)
H. Requirement That Bicyclists Be Intended or Permitted Users (27-27)
A. Overview of Recreational Use Statutes (28-30)
B. Whether Public Entities Are Owners Under Recreational Use Statutes (31-32)
C. Whether Bikeways Come Within the Meaning of Recreational Use Statutes (33-37)
A. Localities' Laws and Policies Regarding Bikeways (38-38)
B. Types of Bikeways (39-39)
C. Responsibility for Designating Bikeways (40-40)
D. Design and Maintenance Guidance for Bikeways (41-41)
E. Localities' Reported Litigation over Bikeway Designations (42-42)
CONCLUSION (43-44)
APPENDIX A. SURVEY QUESTIONS (45-45)
APPENDIX B. LIST OF AGENCIES RESPONDING TO SURVEY QUESTIONS (46-47)
APPENDIX C. STATE RECREATIONAL USE STATUTES (48-49)
APPENDIX D. CASE/ISSUE INDEX (50-54)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (55-55)
BACK COVER (56-56)