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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 600C
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems
Collection C: Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22 (Tutorials 4, 5, 6), 23 (Updated),
24, 25, 26 (Updated)
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
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National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
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*Membership as of June 2010.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 600C
Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems
Collection C: Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22 (Tutorials 4, 5, 6), 23 (Updated),
24, 25, 26 (Updated)
John L. Campbell
Christian M. Richard
James L. Brown
Monica G. Lichty
BATTELLE
Seattle, WA
Jerry Graham
Mitchell O'Laughlin
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Kansas City, MO
Subscriber Categories
Design · Safety and Human Factors
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 600C
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 17-41
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-15469-7
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2008900429
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal,
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
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The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
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intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
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are available from:
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Business Office
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Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
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Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 600C
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Charles W. Niessner, Senior Program Officer
Emily R. Greenwood, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Natalie Barnes, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 17-41 PANEL
Field of Traffic--Area of Safety
Thomas Hicks, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD (Chair)
Larry Christianson, Deja Program Development, McMinnville, OR
Maurice R. Masliah, iTRANS Consulting, Inc., Richmond Hill, ON
Joseph V. Mondillo, New York State DOT, Albany, NY
David K. Olson, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA
Wendel T. Ruff, ABMB Engineers, Inc., Jackson, MS
Leo Tasca, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON
Samuel C. Tignor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, McLean, VA
Thomas Granda, FHWA Liaison
Richard Pain, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By Charles W. Niessner
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report contains guidelines that provide human factors principles and findings for
consideration by highway designers and traffic engineers. The guidelines allow the non-
expert in human factors to more effectively consider the roadway user's capabilities and
limitations in the design and operation of highway facilities.
The TRB, AASHTO, and the FHWA have been working since 2001 on two projects that
together will help to promote greater safety for all road users. These two projects are the
Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and the Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems (HFG).
These projects have been supported by funding from NCHRP and the FHWA. The TRB
supports the Highway Safety Manual through the HSM Task Force and the Human Factors
Guidelines for Road Systems through the Joint Subcommittee for the Development of a
Human Factors Guideline for Road Systems.
The HSM and HFG promote improved safety for highway users and complement each
other. They should be used together. Neither document is a substitute for national or state
standards such as AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets or the
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
The HSM provides highway engineers with a synthesis of validated highway research and
proven procedures for integrating safety into both new and improvement projects. It also
provides practitioners with enhanced analytic tools for predicting and measuring the suc-
cess of implemented safety countermeasures.
After using the HSM to develop possible design alternatives to improve safety on an in-
service or planned intersection or section of roadway, the practitioner may then use the
HFG to enhance the possible solutions. Successful highway safety depends on the consider-
ation and integration of three fundamental components--the roadway, the vehicle, and the
roadway user. Unfortunately, the information needs, limitations, and capabilities of road-
way users are lacking in many traditional resources used by practitioners. The easy-to-use
guidelines in the HFG provide the highway designer and traffic engineer with objective,
defensible human factors principles and information that can be used to support and jus-
tify design decisions. The HFG will allow the non-expert in human factors to recognize the
needs and limitations of the road user in a more effective manner and design roads that are
safer for all.
When reviewing either existing or planned roads or intersections, highway designers and
traffic engineers are strongly encouraged to use both the HFG and the HSM to identify and
develop the safest solutions for road users.
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NOTES ON PUBLICATION OF
HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ROAD SYSTEMS
Chapters 16 through 20, 24, and 25; Tutorials 4 through 6 of Chapter 22; and updated
Chapters 23 and 26 are contained herein. Chapters 1 through 6, 10, 11, 13, 22 (Tutorials 1
through 3), 23, and 26 were published previously. The remaining chapters are being devel-
oped under NCHRP Project 17-47 and are expected in October 2011.
Chapter 3 (Finding Information Like a Road User) and Chapter 4 (Integrating Road User,
Highway Design, and Traffic Engineering Needs) are authored by Samuel Tignor, Thomas
Hicks, and Joseph Mondillo.
Chapter 5 (Sight Distance Guidelines) and Tutorials 1 and 2 in Chapter 22 (Tutorials)
present a revision of materials originally published as: Lerner, N., Llaneras, R., Smiley, A.,
and Hanscom, F. (2004). NCHRP Web-Only Document 70: Comprehensive Human Factors
Guidelines for Road Systems. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Chapter locations and publication dates.
Published
Chapter in Report Publication Date
1. Why Have Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems? 600A March 2008
2. How to Use this Document 600A March 2008
3. Finding Information Like a Road User 600A March 2008
4. Integrating Road User, Highway Design, and Traffic
600A March 2008
Engineering Needs
5. Sight Distance Guidelines 600A March 2008
6. Curves (Horizontal Alignment) 600B December 2008
7. Grades (Vertical Alignment) Forthcoming
8. Tangent Sections and Roadside (Cross Section) Forthcoming
9. Transition Zones Between Varying Road Designs Forthcoming
10. Non-Signalized Intersections 600A March 2008
11. Signalized Intersections 600A March 2008
12. Interchanges Forthcoming
13. Construction and Work Zones 600A March 2008
14. Rail-Highway Grade Crossings Forthcoming
15. Special Considerations for Urban Environments Forthcoming
16. Special Considerations for Rural Environments 600C July 2010
17. Speed Perception, Speed Choice, and Speed Control 600C July 2010
18. Signing 600C July 2010
19. Changeable Message Signs 600C July 2010
20. Markings 600C July 2010
21. Lighting Forthcoming
March, December
22. Tutorials 600A,B,C
2008; July 2010
23. References 600C July 2010
24. Glossary 600C July 2010
25. Index 600C July 2010
26. Abbreviations 600C July 2010
27. Equations Forthcoming
All published chapters are available as individual PDF files and as a consolidated PDF file on the TRB website.
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CONTENTS*
PA RT I Introduction
1-1 Chapter 1 Why Have Human Factors Guidelines
for Road Systems?
1-1 1.1 Purpose of Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems
1-1 1.2 Overview of the HFG
2-1 Chapter 2 How to Use this Document
2-1 2.1 Organization of the HFG
2-1 2.2 Scope and Limitations of the HFG
2-2 2.3 The Two-Page Format
2-4 2.4 Tutorials
2-5 2.5 Other Features
PA RT I I Bringing Road User Capabilities into Highway
Design and Traffic Engineering Practice
3-1 Chapter 3 Finding Information Like a Road User
3-1 3.1 Introduction
3-1 3.2 Road User as a Component of the Highway System
3-2 3.3 Example Problems of Highway Designers and Traffic Engineers
3-4 3.4 How Road Users Seek Information
3-5 3.5 Examples of User-Scanned Road Environments
3-6 3.6 How Highway Designers and Traffic Engineers Work Together
for Road Users
4-1 Chapter 4 Integrating Road User, Highway Design,
and Traffic Engineering Needs
4-1 4.1 Introduction
4-1 4.2 Iterative Review Steps to Achieve Good Human Factor Applications
4-4 4.3 Use of Parts III and IV for Specifying Designs
4-6 4.4 Video and Animation Illustrations
* See "Notes on Publication of Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems" on facing page.
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P A R T I I I Human Factors Guidance for
Roadway Location Elements
5-1 Chapter 5 Sight Distance Guidelines
5-2 Key Components of Sight Distance
5-4 Determining Stopping Sight Distance
5-6 Determining Intersection Sight Distance
5-8 Determining When to Use Decision Sight Distance
5-10 Determining Passing Sight Distance
5-12 Influence of Speed on Sight Distance
5-14 Key References for Sight Distance Information
5-16 Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Specific Roadway Features
5-18 Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Intersections
6-1 Chapter 6 Curves (Horizontal Alignment)
6-2 Task Analysis of Curve Driving
6-4 The Influence of Perceptual Factors on Curve Driving
6-6 Speed Selection on Horizontal Curves
6-8 Countermeasures for Improving Steering and Vehicle Control Through Curves
6-10 Countermeasures to Improve Pavement Delineation
6-12 Signs on Horizontal Curves
7-1 Chapter 7 Grades (Vertical Alignment)
[Forthcoming]
8-1 Chapter 8 Tangent Sections and Roadside
(Cross Section)
[Forthcoming]
9-1 Chapter 9 Transition Zones Between Varying Road Designs
[Forthcoming]
10-1 Chapter 10 Non-Signalized Intersections
10-2 Acceptable Gap Distance
10-4 Factors Affecting Acceptable Gap
10-6 Sight Distance at Left-Skewed Intersections
10-8 Sight Distance at Right-Skewed Intersections
10-10 Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians
at Roundabouts
11-1 Chapter 11 Signalized Intersections
11-2 Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running
11-4 Restricting Right Turns on Red to Address Pedestrian Safety
11-6 Heuristics for Selecting the Yellow Timing Interval
11-8 Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians
at Signalized Intersections
12-1 Chapter 12 Interchanges
[Forthcoming]
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13-1 Chapter 13 Construction and Work Zones
13-2 Procedures to Ensure Proper Arrow Panel Visibility
13-4 Caution Mode Configuration for Arrow Panels
13-6 Changeable Message Signs
13-8 Sign Legibility
13-10 Determining Work Zone Speed Limits
14-1 Chapter 14 Rail-Highway Grade Crossings
[Forthcoming]
15-1 Chapter 15 Special Considerations for
Urban Environments
[Forthcoming]
16-1 Chapter 16 Special Considerations for Rural Environments
16-2 Passing Lanes
16-4 Countermeasures for Pavement/Shoulder Drop-offs
16-6 Rumble Strips
16-8 Design Consistency in Rural Driving
17-1 Chapter 17 Speed Perception, Speed Choice,
and Speed Control
17-2 Behavioral Framework for Speeding
17-4 Speed Perception and Driving Speed
17-6 Effects of Roadway Factors on Speed
17-8 Effects of Posted Speed Limits on Speed Decisions
17-10 Speeding Countermeasures: Setting Appropriate Speed Limits
17-12 Speeding Countermeasures: Communicating Appropriate Speed Limits
17-14 Speeding Countermeasures: Using Roadway Design and Traffic Control
Elements to Address Speeding Problems
P A R T I V Human Factors Guidance for
Traffic Engineering Elements
18-1 Chapter 18 Signing
18-2 General Principles for Sign Legends
18-4 Sign Design to Improve Legibility
18-6 Conspicuity of Diamond Warning Signs under Nighttime Conditions
18-8 Driver Comprehension of Signs
18-10 Complexity of Sign Information
19-1 Chapter 19 Changeable Message Signs
19-2 When to Use Changeable Message Signs
19-4 Presentation to Maximize Visibility and Legibility
19-6 Determining Appropriate Message Length
19-8 Composing a Message to Maximize Comprehension
19-10 Displaying Messages with Dynamic Characteristics
19-12 Changeable Message Signs for Speed Reduction
19-14 Presentation of Bilingual Information
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20-1 Chapter 20 Markings
20-2 Visibility of Lane Markings
20-4 Effectiveness of Symbolic Markings
20-6 Markings for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety
20-8 Post-Mounted Delineators
20-10 Markings for Roundabouts
21-1 Chapter 21 Lighting
[Forthcoming]
P A R T V Additional Information
22-1 Chapter 22 Tutorials
22-2 Tutorial 1: Real-World Driver Behavior Versus Design Models
22-9 Tutorial 2: Diagnosing Sight Distance Problems and Other Design Deficiencies
22-35 Tutorial 3: Detailed Task Analysis of Curve Driving
22-38 Tutorial 4: Determining Appropriate Clearance Intervals
22-39 Tutorial 5: Determining Appropriate Sign Placement and Letter Height
Requirements
22-43 Tutorial 6: Calculating Appropriate CMS Message Length under Varying
Conditions
23-1 Chapter 23 References
24-1 Chapter 24 Glossary
25-1 Chapter 25 Index
26-1 Chapter 26 Abbreviations
27-1 Chapter 27 Equations
[Forthcoming]
