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OCR for page 213
Index
A
Academic research, 69, 98-99,
197-198, 199
Accidents and accident prevention,
31-32
Additives, asphalt, 13
Advanced Coal Liquefaction R&D
Facility, 93
Advanced Mitsubishi Synthesis Gas to
Gasoline, 88
Air pollution, see Environment and
pollution
Air Products and Chemicals, 88
Air transport, 13
Akzo Chemie, 197
Alabama, 16, 141-143
Wilsonville coal liquefaction project,
93,94,95,96, 128, 187
Alaska, 16, 77, 91, 141
Alberta Oil Sands and Tar Research
Authority, 73
Alcohol fuel, see Ethanol; Methanol
Alternative fuel sources, 2, 3, 39, 123
cost factors, 40-56, 146-177
environmental impacts, 1, 5, 6, 7,
14, 19, 105-114, 116, 122-123,
127
see also specific fuels
213
American Association of Petroleum
Geologists, 25-27
Ammonia, 63, 68
Amoco, 13, 76, 90, 93, 184, 197
ARCO Oil and Gas Company, 102,
103, 199
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 94
Ash, 62, 95, 101
Asphalt, see Bitumen
Asphalt residue treatment, 67, 180
Australia, 51-52, 93-94
Automobiles
alternative-fuel vehicle demonstra-
tions, 105
catalytic converters, 107-108
compressed natural gas as fuel, 42,
45, 53, 54-56, 107-109, 110,
111-113, 119, 150
electric, 13
emissions, 105-114, 122-123, 127
methanol as fuel, 49, 50-51, 53-54,
55-56, 149, 150
multifuel, 53-54, 107, 112, 149
operating costs, 49, 50-51, 53-55
B
Benzene, 94
Biological conversion, natural gas, 199
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214
Biomass energy, 4, 8, 114, 123, 126,
128-129
DOE programs, 17, 65, 66, 126,
128-129
environmental factors, 113-114, 128
gasification, 65, 66
resource base, 17, 128, 138, 145
wood, ,14 45, 111
Bitumen, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 120
asphalt additive, 13
asphalt residue treatment, 67, 180
resources, 16, 70, 141-143
see also Tar and tar sands
Brazil, 143
British Petroleum, 90
C
California, 16, 61, 91, 104, 105, 106,
110, 141, 143, 197-198, 199
California Air Resources Board, 105
Canada, 70, 71, 73, 76, 128, 143, 197
Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy
Technology, 97-98
Cancer, 94
Capital investments, 2, 45, 48, 49, 51,
52,68,88,95,118,123,
146-147, 150, 151-154
Carbon dioxide, 4, 8, 15, 111- 114, 118,
122-123, 127, 128
coal-oil coprocessing, 99
heavy oil, 69, 128, 178-181
oil shale, 78, 82~3, 127
synthesis gas, 60, 62, 65, 66
Carbon monoxide, 106, 119
Catalysis and catalytic cracking, 66-67,
68
auto catalytic converters, 107-108
coal gasification, 62
coal liquefaction, 93-94, 127
coal-oil coprocessing, 98, 100
Fischer-Tropsch process, 57, 89-90,
91, 92, 120, 123, 129
fluid catalytic cracking, 66-67, 68,
179-180
heavy oil, 68, 179-180
natural gas, 102, 198-199
INDEX
oxychlorination, 198
R&D, 186
synthesis gas, 87-88, 90
Ceramics, 61, 184
Chemical processes
coal-oil coprocessing, 98-99, 127
heavy oil, 69
oil and gas recovery, 30-31, 35-36
oil shales, 85-86
photochemical oxidation, 107-108,
110-111
tar sands, 3, 44
see also specific processes
Chem Systems, Inc., 88
Chevron, 82, 98, 184
Chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 111
Clean Air Act, 105-106
Climate and weather
air quality models, 107, 110-111
photochemical oxidation, 107-108,
110-111
see also Greenhouse effect
Coal, 119, 121-122, 125-127
commercial applications, 61-62, 63,
73, 92, 96-97, 126, 200
consumption, 15
coprocessing with oil, 7, 97-100,
127, 188-190
cost factors, 7, 44, 60-62, 64-65,
91-92, 93, 94, 95-96, 99-100,
121-122, 127
DOE programs, 7, 8, 61, 63-65, 93,
95, 96-98, 100-102, 121,
126-127, 129
environmental factors, 61-62, 63,
65, 92, 94, 99, 101
gasification, 3, 13, 44, 58-62, 63,
65, 89, 120, 122, 200
liquefaction, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 44, 45,
61, 64-65, 92-97, 99-100, 115,
120, 121-122, 127, 188
methanol production, 44~5, 91
prices, 42, 92, 93
pyrolysis, 64, 100-102, 129,
191-196
R&D, 7, 11
resources, 16, 17, 92, 126, 145
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INDEX
underground gasification, 3, 44, 63,
65, 91-92
Coke and coking
coal pyrolysis, 64, 100-102, 129,
191-196
heavy oil, 66-67, 68, 69, 178-179
tar, 74
Colorado, 17, 76
Commercial applications, 5, 116-117,
123, 125, 133
asphalt additives, 13
auto engines, 111; catalytic convert-
ers, 107-108
coal gasification, 61-62, 63, 73, 200
coal, general, 126
coal liquefaction, 92, 96-97
coprocessing, 188-190
heavy oil, 66-67, 178-182
methanol-to-gasoline, 88-89
natural gas-to-liquids F-T facility,
89-90
oil shale, 11, 13, 76-79, 86-87, 126,
143, 183-184
RD&D, 13, 97, 121, 185-187
synthesis gas, 89-90
tar, 71-74
Compressed natural gas (CNG), 1, 3,
119
cost factors, 40, 41~2, 45, 53,
54-56, 108-109, 150
environmental factors, 107-109,
110, 111-113
Consumers and consumption, 2, 119
coal, 15
natural gas, 15, 145
oil, 13, 14, 139
Controlled Retracting Injection Point
technology, 63
Cool Water demonstration project, 61
Coprocessing, 7, 62, 64-65, 97-100,
127, 188-190
Cost factors, 1, 3-4, 5, 6, 116, 117,
120, 149
alternative fuels production, general,
40-56, 146-177
auto operating, 49, 50-51, 53-55
coal gasification, 60-62, 64, 91-92,
122
215
coal liquefaction, 7, 44, 61, 6~65,
92, 93, 94, 95-96, 99-100,
121-122, 127
coal-oil coprocessing, 99-100
coal pyrolysis, 101
compressed natural gas, 4Q, 41-42,
45, 53, 54-56, 108-109, 150
crude oil, 121
discount rate, 150-152, 156-172
environmental factors, 106, 118
ethanol, 45, 53
gasoline, 149
heavy oil, 68
methanol, 40, 42, 43, ,1~1 45, 48-52,
53-56, 90-91, 120, 149, 154,
175-177
methodology, 20, 40-53, 146-177
natural gas, 48, 58, 168-177
natural gas liquids, 27, 103-104
oil, enhanced recovery, 34, 118
oil shale, 44, 80, 83-84, 86-87, 121,
126
R&D and, 56
synthesis gas, 90-91
tar sands, 44, 71, 75, 76
see also Capital investments; Price
factors
Cracking
fluid, 66-67, 68, 179-180
hydra, 67, 100
thermal, 67, 100
see also Catalysis and catalytic
cracking
Crude oil, 10, 139-141
cost, 121
prices, 15, 18, 46-48, 56, 58,
147-149
production, 6, 13-14, 15, 22, 28-31,
32-33, 37, 126
see also Tar and tar sands
D
Department of Energy (DOE), 4, 5-9,
17, 20, 116, 117, 123-129, 134
biomass resources, 17, 65, 66, 126,
128-129
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216
coal, 126-127
coal gasification, 61, 63-65
coal liquefaction, 7, 64, 65, 93, 95,
96-97, 121
coal-oil coprocessing, 7, 98, 100,
127
coal pyrolysis, 8, 64, 101-102, 129
conversion technologies, 20, 64-65
environmental R&D, 7, 110-111,
122-123
heavy oil, 8, 65, 68-69, 128 Efficiency
methane, 8-9, 129
methanol, 8, 104, 129
oil and natural gas, 6, 8-9, 38, 65,
104, 125-126, 128, 129
oil shale, 9, 82, 84-86, 126-127,
129, 183
spending, 11-12, 38, 123-124
synthesis gas, 8, 61, 63, 64-66, 88,
90, 92, 120
tar, 7, 8, 75-76, 128
Department of the Interior, 25-27
Diesel fuel, 3, 13
environmental impacts, 108-109
methanol conversion, 88-89
Diseases and disorders, 94, 109-110
Distillate fuel, 94
middle distillate synthesis, 42, 44,
48, 90
Distribution issues, alternative fuels,
53, 55-56, 91, 104, 149-150
Dow Chemical, 13, 90
E
Ebullating bed reactor, 67, 181
Economic factors, 2-3, 120, 133
alternative fuels, 40-57
biomass, 145
coal-oil coprocessing, 99, 100, 127
coal processes, general, 65-66
coal pyrolysis, 101
funding, government, 6-9, 93-94,
96, 125-127; see also Depart-
ment of Energy
natural gas, 23, 103-104
oil and gas, 23, 32-33
oil shale, 65-66, 77, 84-85
INDEX
planning, 18, 151
royalties, 42
synthesis gas, 58-60, 64-65, 90-92
tar sands, 75
see also Capital investments;
Commercial applications;
Consumers and consumption;
Cost factors; Price factors;
Production and productivity;
Resource base
methanol- vs. gasoline-fueled autos,
49, 50-51, 53-56, 149
natural gas technology, 144
Equipment, oil rigs, 34
see also Capital investments
Electric power, 2, 6, 119
coal gasification, 61
conversion technologies and, 65, 89
methanol, 89
tar, 74, 75
for transportation, 13
Electric Power Research Institute, 95
Electrolysis, 4
End-use factors, 7, 53-55
Energy Information Administration
(EIA), 14, 18, 38, 148-149
Enhanced oil recovery, 29-30, 33,
33-34, 35-36, 37, 118
Environmental Protection Agency, 105,
107, 110, 127
Environment and pollution, 1, 5, 6, 7,
14, 19, 105-114, 116, 122-123,
127
ash, 62, 95, 101
biomass energy, 113-114, 128
carbon monoxide, 106, 119
coal gasification, 61-62, 63, 65
coal liquefaction, 92, 94
coal-oil coprocessing, 99
coal pyrolysis, 101
compressed natural gas, 107-109,
110, 111-113
cost and, 106, 118
DOE programs, 7, 110-111,
122-123
formaldehyde, 107, 108, 110
heavy oil, 67, 68, 69, 128
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INDEX
methanol, 107, 108, 109-110
oil and natural gas production,
31-32
oil shale, 78-79, 82-83
ozone, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111
photochemical oxidation, 107-108,
110-111
regulations and standards, 2, 19,
105-108, 122
tar sands, 73, 74-75, 76, 128
urban areas, 5, 13, 14, 104, 105,
106, 110, 122
volatile organic compounds, 105
see also Carbon dioxide; Climate
and weather; Greenhouse effect;
Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides;
Sulfur
Ethanol, 45, 53
Ethylene, 198-199
Exploration, 2
defined, 185
oil and natural gas, 23-24, 31, 32,
37
oil shale, 84
Exports and imports, see Imports and
exports
Exxon, 11, 90, 199
Exxon Valdez, 31
F
Federal government
alternative-fuel vehicle demonstra-
tions, 105
Australia, 51-52, 93-94
funding, 6-9, 93-94, 96, 125-127
Germany, Federal Republic of, 94
Japan, 93-94
laws, 105-106
oil shale ownership, 84
regulations and standards, 2, 19,
105-108, 122
spending, 11-12, 38, 93-94, 96,
123-124
taxes, 116, 118
see also Department of Energy;
Department of the Interior;
Environmental Protection Agency
217
Fischer assay, 77
Fischer-Tropsch process, 57, 89-90, 91,
92, 120, 123, 129
Fluid catalytic cracking, 66-67, 6B,
179-180
Formaldehyde, 107, 108, 110
Fossil fuels
cost factors, 3 -
R&D, 11
see also specific fuels
France, 97
Fuel properties
coal, liquefied, 94, 96
coal-oil coprocessing, 99
coal pyrolysis, 101
heavy oil, 67~8
oil shale,
Funding, government, ~9, 93-94, 96,
125-127
see also Department of Energy
G
Gas and gasification,
biomass, 65, 66
coal gasification, 3, 13, 44, 58-62,
63, 65, 89, 120, 122, 200
underground coal gasification, 3, 44,
63, 65, 91-92
see also Carbon dioxide; Com-
pressed natural gas; Hydrogen;
Natural gas; Nitrogen and
nitrogen oxides; Synthesis gas
Gasoline, 3, 13, 46, 149
coal to, 94, 95
methanol to, process, 43, 48, 57,
88-89, 91, 103, 123, 149
multifuel engines, 107
natural gas to, 3, 89
prices, 46, 149
Geokinetics, 184
Geological Survey, 26, 27
Geology and geophysics
advanced monitoring, 37
modeling, 23, 25, 35
oil and gas, 21-24, 31
oil shale, 7~78
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218
tar sands, 69-70
see also Exploration; Resource base
Germany, Federal Republic of, 88, 94,
97, 98
Government, see Federal government;
State government
Greenhouse effect, 1-2, 4, 15, 19,
111-114, 116, 122
Gulf-Badger, 90
Gulf Research and Development, 63,
184
H
Health issues, see Diseases and
disorders; Environment and
pollution
Heavy metals, 67, 68, 98, 128, 190
Heavy oil
commercial applications, 66-67,
178-182
coprocessing with coal, 7, 97-100,
127, 188-190
DOE programs, 8, 65, 68-69, 128
environmental factors, 67, 68, 69,
128
resources, 16, 117-119, 141-142
High-temperature processes, see Coke
and coking; Pyrolysis; Retorting; Law
Thermal processes
Historical perspectives
coal liquefaction, 92
coal pyrolysis, 100
crude oil vs. refined gasoline, prices,
46
hydrogen production, 60-61
oil and gas resources, 24-25
Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., 89
Hydrocracking, 67, 100
Hydrogen, 57-63, 66, 67, 69; 94, 113,
119, 120, 123, 126, 128, 180-182
I
ICE Resources, Inc., 19, 25-27
Idemitsu Kosan, 198
Imports and exports, 2, 10, 11, 13-14,
103-104, 115, 118
INDEX
Integrated gasification combined cycle,
89
Intellectual property, 118-119
International Energy Agency, 97
International perspective
coal liquefaction, 97
Greenhouse effect, global coopera-
tion, 15
hydrocarbon resource base, 138-145
invesunent, 2, 118
natural gas, 58, 91, 103-104
see also Imports and exports;
specific countries
Iron and iron oxide, 62-63, 82
Italy, 97
J
Japan, 63, 68-69, 93-94, 97, 198, 199
K
Kentucky, 16, 93, 143, 190
Kerogen, 77-78, 85
Kerr-McGee, 13, 98
L
Clean Air Act, 105-106
intellectual property, 118-119
regulations and standards, 2, 19,
105-108, 122
taxes, 116, 118
Lawrence Livermore National Labora-
tory, 82, 184
Leasing, 32
Licenses, 118-119
Liquefied natural gas, 27-28, 89, 139,
140
M
Malaysia, 90
Methane, see Natural gas
Methanol, 1, 3 - , 8, 89, 120, 129, 150
coal to, 63
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INDEX
cost factors, 40, 42, 43, 44 45,
48-52, 53-56, 90-91, 120, 149,
154, 175-177
DOE programs, 8, 104, 129
environmental factors. 107. 108.
109-110
Fischer-Tropsch process, 89-90,
120, 123, 129
to gasoline process, 43, 48, 57,
88-89, 91, 103, 120, 149
natural gas to, 45, 48~9, 58, 102,
197
to olefins process, 88-89
from synthesis gas, 87-90, 92, 129
Methodology, 20, 40-53, 146-177
Middle distillate synthesis, 42, 44, 48,
90
Middle East, 91, 92, 103, 133, 139, 145
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, 13, 18, 22
Minerals Management Survey, 26, 27
Mining
coal, 92
oil shale, 76, 78-79, 86
tar sands, 71, 74-75, 76, 128
Miscible extraction methods, 30, 35
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, 87-88
Mobil Oil, 88~9, 90, 103
Models and modeling
air quality, 107, 11~111
geological reservoirs, 23, 25, 35
oil shale processes, 83
Morgantown Energy Technology
Center, 65
Multifuel systems, 53-54, 107, 112,
149
N
National Institutes of Health, 110, 127
National security, 13, 19
Naptha, 73, 89, 94
Natural gas, 8-9, 13, 15, 21-39, 62,
120, 125-126, 129
consumption, 15, 145
conversion processes, 58, 65,
102-104, 197-199
219
cost factors, 27, 48, 58, 103-104,
168-177
DOE programs, 8-9, 129
environmental factors, 31-32
gasoline produced from, 3, 89
liquids, 27-28, 89, 139, 140
methanol from, 45, 48-49, 58, 102,
197
prices, 3, 4, 14, 48, 66, 103,115
production, 6, 14, 28-31, 32-33, 115
resources, 16, 19, 21-25, 27-28,
115, 119-120, 138-139, 140,
144 145
synthesis gas and, 91, 200
see also Compressed natural gas
New Paraho Shale Oil Company, 13
New Zealand, 88
Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides
auto emissions, general, 106, 107,
110-112
coal-oil coprocessing, 190
compressed natural gas, 107-108
heavy oil, 67, 68, 69, 128
natural gas, 197
oil shale, 82
synthesis gas, 60
tar, 73, 74, 75, 76, 128
North Dakota, 61
o
Occidental Petroleum, 13, 76, 79, 194
Occidental Research Corporation, 101,
183
Occupational health and safety, 94
Office of Conservation and Renewable
Energy, 11
Office of Fossil Energy, 11, 12
Office of Program Analysis, 96
Ohio, 98
Oil, 21-39
coal-oil coprocessing, 7, 97-100,
127, 188-190
consumption, 13, 14, 139
enhanced oil recovery, 29-30, 33,
33-34, 35-36, 37, 118
environmental factors, 31-32
OCR for page 220
220
prices, 3-4, 5-6, 13-15, 18, 22, 24,
39, 46Jt8, 56, 58, 60~1, 65-66,
115, 116, 117-118, 120, 123,
148-149
production, 6, 14, 28-31, 32-33
R&D, 11
residuum, 8, 128, 179-181
resources, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24-27,
33-34, 115, 117-119, 138,
139-141
see also Crude oil; Heavy oil; Tar
and tar sands
Oil shale, 76-87, 121-122, 120, 122,
129
commercial applications, 11, 13,
7~79, 86~7, 126, 143, 183-184
costs, 44, 80, 83-84, 86-87, 121,
126
DOE programs, 9, 82, 84-86,
126-127, 129, 183
environmental factors, 78-79, 82-83
pyrolysis, 44, 78
kerogen, 77-78, 85
R&D, 7, 9, 11, 82, 84-87, 115, 119,
126-127, 183-184
resources, 16, 17, 76, 126, 143
retorting, 11, 13, 78, 79-80, 80-84,
85, 87, 183-184
Olefins, methanol to, process, 88-89
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Counties, 13, 18, 22
Oxychlorination, 198
Oxygen and oxidation processes, 60,
61-62, 90, 102, 103, 197,
198-199
photochemical oxidation, 107-108,
110-111
REDOX process, 102, 103, 199 Projections
Ozone, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111
p
Petroleum, see Oil
Phillips Petroleum, 197, 199
Photochemical oxidation, 107-108,
110-111
INDEX
Pipelines
methanol, 91
oil shale, 78
Planning, 1, 4, 5-9, 17-19, 97,
115-129, 151
see also Department of Energy
Pollution, see Environment and
pollution
Potential Gas Committee, 27
Price factors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 120
coal, 42, 92, 93
gasoline vs. crude oil, 46, 149
methanol, 103
methodology, 41, 42-43, 46-53,
146, 147-148
natural gas, 3, 4, 14, 48, 66, 103,
115
oil and natural gas, 3-4, 5-6, 13-15,
18, 22,24, 39,46~8, 56, 58,
6~61, 65~6, 115, 116,
117-118, 120, 123, 148-149
tar, 75, 128
volatility, 2, 18, 22, 6~61, 123
Private sector 5, 11, 13
oil industry, 23, 38
R&D, 5, 11, 13
tar, 128
see also Commercial applications;
·, .
specific companies
Production and productivity, 2, 5
alternative fuels, costs, 4~56
coal and oil shale, 7
hydrogen, 57-63
oil and gas, 6, 13-14, 15, 22, 28-31,
32-33, 37, 115, 126
synthesis gas, 57-63
see also Efficiency; Resource base
air quality, 14
methodology, 25-27, 41, 42-43,
4~53, 147-148
oil shale, 87
planning, 1, 4, 5-9, 17-19, 35-39,
97, 115-129, 151
prices, 18, 117
see also Greenhouse effect; Re-
source base
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INDEX
Pyrolysis, 3, 4, 8, 57, 199
coal, 64, 100-102, 129, 191-196
Fischer assay, 77
natural gas, 199
oil shale, 44, 78
tar sands, 3, 44
see also Coke and coking
R
REDOX process, 102, 103, 199
Regulations and standards, 2, 19,
105-108, 122
Research and development, 10-13, 17,
115-129, 133-134
academic research, 69, 98-99,
197-198, 199
auto engines, 53-54, 106-114
biomass, 4, 8, 65, 66, 126, 128-129
c apital cos ts and pi awning, 151 - 154
coal, 119, 125-127
coal gasification, 57-66, 200
coal liquefaction, 4, 64, 65, 92-94,
96-97, 115, 121-122
coal-oil coprocessing, 7, 97-100,
127, 188-190
coal pyrolysis, 8, 64, 100-102, 129,
191-196
commercial applications and,
116-177
conversion technologies, general, 20,
57-104, 197-199
cost of production and, 56
environmental issues, 105-114,
122-123
fossil fuels, general, 11
heavy oils, 68-69, 178-182
hydrogen production, 57-63
methodology, 20, 40-53, 146-177
natural gas, 58, 104, 125-127
oil and natural gas, 11, 35-39,
125-126
oil shale, 7, 9, 11, 82, 84-87, 115,
119, 126-127, 183-184
planning, 1, 4, 5-9, 17-19, 35-39,
97, 115-129, 151
synthesis gas, 57-66, 87-92
221
RD&D, 13, 97, 121, 185-187; see
also Commercial applications
tar sands, 4, 75-76
~ends, 2, 3
see also Department of Energy;
Exploration
Research Association for Residual Oil
Processing, 69
Research Association of Petroleum
Alternative Development, 69
Resource base, 16, 138-145
biomass, 17, 128, 138, 145
coal, 16, 17, 92, 126, 145
enhanced oil recovery, 29-30, 33,
33-34, 35, 37, 118
estimate methods, 25-27
heavy oils, 16, 117-119, 141-142
hydrocarbons, 138-145
natural gas, 16, 19, 21-25, 27-28,
115, 119-120, 138-139, 140,
144-145
natural gas liquids, 27-28, 139, 140
oil, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24-27, 33-34,
115, 117-119, 138, 139-141
oil shale, 16, 17, 76, 126, 143
tar, 16, 70, 117-119, 141-143
see also Production aIld productivity
Retorting
kerogen, 78, 85
oil shale, 11, 13, 78, 79~0, 80-84,
85, 87, 183-184
tar sands, 71, 73, 75
Royalties, 42
S
Saudi Arabia, 13
SPA Pacific, Inc., 20
Shell middle distillate synthesis, 42, 44,
48, 90, 103
Shell Oil, 13, 44, 90
Sohio, 199
South Africa, 89-90
Soviet Union, 63, 139, 141, 145
Standards and regulations, 2, 19,
105-108, 122
State government, 105, 106, 107
taxes, 116
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222
STATOIL, 90
Sulfur
coal-oil coprocessing, 190
coal pyrolysis, 101
heavy oil, 67, 68, 69, 128, 18~181
oil shale, 78, 82
synthesis gas, 65
tar, 70, 73, 74, 75, 128
Surface Coal Gasification Program, 102
Synthesis gas, 8, 45, 57-66, 87-92,
103, 119-120, 200
carbon dioxide and, 27, 103-104
catalysis, 27, 103-104
commercial applications, 89-90
cost factors, 90~91
DOE programs, 8, 61, 63, 6~66,
88, 90, 92, 120
economic factors, 58-60, 64-65,
90-92
Fischer-Tropsch process, 57, 89-90,
91, 92, 120, 123, 129
methanol from, 87-90, 92, 129
natural gas and, 91, 200
nitrogen oxides and, 60
sulfur and, 65
T
Taiwan, 199
Tar and tar sands, 69-76, 117-119, 120
cost factors, 44, 71, 75, 76
DOE programs, 7, 8, 75-76, 128
environmental factors, 73, 74-75,
76, 128
prices, 72, 128
pyrolysis, 3, 44
resources, 16, 70, 117-119, 141-143
solvent extraction, 3, 42, 44, 71-72,
75, 76
see also Bitumen
Taxes, 116, 118
Technological innovation
transfer of, 6, 38, 118-119, 128
see also Alternative fuel sources;
Commercial applications;
Research and development
Texaco, 13, 61
INDEX
Texas, 16,88, 93, 143
Thermal processes
coal gasification, 61-63, 65, 200
coal liquefaction, 92-94, 95
coal-oil coprocessing, 98
cracking, 67, 73, 90
enhanced oil recovery, 29-30, 3~37
high-temperature gas-cooled reactor,
200
natural gas conversion, 58
synthesis gas, methanol production,
87-90, 129
tar conversion, 73
see also Coke and coking; Green-
house effect; Pyrolysis; Retorting
Time factors, 5, 116
committee meeting schedule,
135-137
oil and gas production, 32-33
oil shale technology, 86-87
Toxicity, 109-110
Trade, see Imports and exports
Transportation systems, specific
air, 13
coal costs, 92
distribution of alternative fuels, 53,
55-56, 91, 104, 149-150
pipelines, 78, 91
problems, 13-1S
see also Automobiles
U
Uhde Gmbh, 88
Underground coal gasification, 3, 44,
63, 65, 91-92
Union Carbide, 90, 198
Union Oil, 11
Union Rheinische Braunkohlen
Kraftstoff AG, 88
United Kingdom, 90, 92, 94
Universities, see Academic research
University of California, 197-198, 199
University of Houston, 199
University of Manitoba, 197
University of Michigan, 199
University of Pittsburg, 198
OCR for page 223
Un~=si~ of Texan, 199
Un~=si~ of Tokyo, 198
urban eeas,5,13, 14, 104,10S, 106,
110,122
Utah, 16,17, 74,76, 77, 82
V
Vacuum Iesidue, 180-181
Veba 011,98
Venezuela 70,139,143
Visored` 7& &\ 141
Volatile organs confounds, 105
Washburn Sum, 9~ 92
Wage polygon, see Env~onmnent and
porn
Weary, ~~e Obnam and gears
Western Reseech InsOmm,76
Wood and wood produc~,44-4S, 111
Wyoming', 17, 76, 77
OCR for page 224
Representative terms from entire chapter:
oil shale
