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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14407.
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152 1. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2008, EPA 430-R-10-006 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, April 2010). 2. See National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data, http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/trends 3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the U.S. Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006), http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420r06003.pdf 4. See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/188polls.html 5. See the full list at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/420b06 002.xls 6. Recommended Approaches to Communicating Air Toxics Issues and Transportation Project-Related Analyses in NEPA Documents. Pre- pared for NCHRP Project 25-25 Task 18 (Fairfax, VA: ICF Con- sulting, March 2007) http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/25-25(18)_ FR.pdf 7. “Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey—Discontinued” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau) http://www.census.gov/svsd/www/vius/ products.html 8. Sierra Research Inc. and Larry Caretto, Revised Inventory Guid- ance for Locomotive Emissions, SR2004-06-01 (Forest Park, GA: Southeastern State Air Resources Managers, Inc., 2004), http:// www.metro4-sesarm.org/pubs/railroad/FinalGuidance.pdf 9. Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories, Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, April 2009). 10. Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories, Draft Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, March 2009). 11. See Lukachko, S. P. and Waitz, I. A., “Effects of Engine Aging on Aircraft NOx Emissions,” ASME 97-GT-386. Presented at ASME/ IGTI Turbo Expo, Orlando, FL, June 1997. 12. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the U.S. Transportation Sector: 1990–2003, EPA420-R-06-003 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, March 2006), http://www.epa.gov/ otaq/climate/420r06003summary.htm 13. Davies, John, Cristiano Façanha, and Joseph Aamidor, “Green- house Gas Emissions from U.S. Freight Sources: Using Activity Data to Interpret Trends and Reduce Uncertainty.” Presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 2008. 14. Global Warming Solutions Act, Assembly Bill 32, California Health and Safety Code (HSC), §38500–38598. 15. See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/natamain/index.html 16. Risk and Exposure Assessment to Support the Review of the NO2 Pri- mary National Ambient Air Quality Standard, EPA-452/R-08- 008a (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November 2008). 17. Risk and Exposure Assessment to Support the Review of the SO2 Pri- mary National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Second Draft, EPA-452/P-09-003 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, March 2009). 18. Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin (MATES III) Final Report (Diamond Bar, CA: South Coast Air Quality Management District, September 2008) http://www.aqmd. gov/prdas/matesIII/matesIII.html 19. Final Report: Puget Sound Air Toxics Evaluation (Seattle, WA: Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, October 2003) http://www.pscleanair. org/airq/basics/airtoxics.aspx 20. Portland Air Toxics Assessment (Portland, OR: Oregon Depart- ment of Environmental Quality, 2006) http://www.deq.state.or. us/aq/toxics/pata.htm 21. Morandi, M., T. Stock, et al., Houston Exposure to Air Toxics Study (HEATS) (Houston, TX: Texas Council on Environmen- tal Quality, October 2009) http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/mleland/ Webpages/HEATS.htm 22. EPA, “Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources,” final rule (the 2007 “MSAT rules”), 40 CFR Parts 59, 80, 85, and 86, Federal Register 72, no. 37 (February 26, 2007): 84288476. 23. Oregon Department of Air Quality, “Portland Air Toxics Assess- ment,” http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/toxics/pata.htm 24. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 40 CFR part 1508.5. 25. Sonoma Technology, Inc. Transportation-Related Air Toxics: Case Study Materials Related to US 95 in Nevada (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Admin- istration, undated but circa 2004) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ environment/airtoxic/casesty2.htm 26. Burbank, Cynthia, Interim Guidance on Air Toxic Analysis in NEPA Documents, memorandum from Associate Administrator for Planning, Environment and Realty Cynthia Burbank to division administrators (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, February 3, 2006) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/airtoxic/020306 guidmem.htm 27. Los Angeles International Airport, Proposed Master Plan Improve- ments, Final Environmental Impact Report. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, April 2004) http://www.laxmasterplan.org/pub_final_eir_v1_5.cfm References

28. O’Hare Modernization Final Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix I, Hazardous Air Pollutant Discussion, Chicago, IL. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, July 2005) ftp://public-ftp.agl.faa.gov/ ORD FEIS/Appendix I.pdf 29. Philadelphia International Airport, Runway 17-35 Extension Proj- ect, Draft Environmental Impact Statement (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Adminis- tration, October 2004) http://www.phlrunway17-35eis.com/ 30. Ralph Iovinelli (AEE-300) e-mail to APP-600, Interim Aircraft- HAPs Methodology—National Consistency (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Adminis- tration, Office of Environment and Energy, September 26, 2005). 31. Guidance Regarding Consideration of Global Climatic Change in Environmental Documents Prepared Pursuant to the National Envi- ronmental Policy Act (Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Council on Environmental Quality, October 8, 1997). 32. Roseville Railyard Study (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, October 2004) www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/documents/ rrstudy.htm 33. ARB Health Risk Assessment Guidance for Railyard and Intermodal Facilities (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, July 2006) www.arb.ca.gov/railyard/hra/hra.htm 34. ARB Rail Yard Emissions Inventory Methodology (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, July 2006) www.arb.ca.gov/ railyard/hra/hra.htm 35. Smirti, Megan, Bo Zou, and Mark Hansen, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories in the Maritime Shipping and Aviation Sectors,” University of California at Berkeley. Presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2008. 36. Sector Strategies Program. Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories, Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2009). 37. Kim, B., I. A. Waitz, M. Vigilante, and R. Bassarab, ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, April 2009). 38. See Davis, S. and S. Diegel, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edi- tion 24. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL-6973), December 2004, pp. 4–26 to 4–27, citing studies conducted by FHWA in 1973, 1984, and 1997. 39. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1997), Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2000), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006). 40. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2008, EPA 430-R-10-006 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, April 2010), Tables 3-12, 3-13, 3-14. 41. “Economic Data: Financial and Statistical Reports,” (Washington, D.C.: Surface Transportation Board) http://www.stb.dot.gov/stb/ industry/econ_reports.html 42. “Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 List of Hazardous Air Pollu- tants” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/orig189.html (accessed April 2009). 43. Latest Findings on National Air Quality, Status and Trends through 2006, EPA-454/R-07-007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmen- tal Protection Agency, 2008) http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/ 2007/report/trends_report_full.pdf (accessed April 2009). 44. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends: 1900–1998, EPA-454/R-00- 002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/trends98/trends98.pdf (accessed April 2009). 45. Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors, “2005 National Emissions Inventory Data & Documentation” (Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html (accessed April 2009). 46. 2002 National Emission Inventory (NEI) Preparation Plan—Final (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004) ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002finalnei/general_information/ 2002neiplan_081004final.pdf (accessed April 2009). 47. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines less than 30 Liters per Cylinder, EPA 420-R-08-001a (Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2010) 48. Documentation for Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, Locomotive, and Other Nonroad Components for the National Emissions Inven- tory, Volume I—Methodology (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, 2005) ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/ 2002finalnei/documentation/mobile/2002nei_mobile_nonroad_ methods.pdf (accessed April 2009). 49. Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Compression-Ignition Marine Engines, EPA420-R-98-017 (Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November 1998). 50. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, 1989). 51. J. Corbett et al., Estimation, Validation, and Forecasts of Regional Commercial Marine Vessel Inventories, Final Report (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board and Montreal: Commission for Environmental Cooperation in North America, April 2007) http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/seca/jcfinal.pdf 52. Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transporta- tion Statistics, 2001). 53. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2008, EPA 430-R-10-006 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, April 2010), Table 3-1. 54. Environ International Corporation, Evaluation of the U.S. EPA MOBILE6 Highway Vehicle Emission Factor Model, CRC Project E-64 (Alpharetta, GA: Coordinating Research Council, Inc., March 2004) http://www.crcao.org/publications/emissions/ index.html 55. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions (Washington, D.C.: Trans- portation Research Board, National Research Council, Com- mittee to Review EPA’s Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model, Board of Environmental Studies and Toxi- cology, 2000). 56. Emission and Air Quality Modeling Tools for Near-Roadway Appli- cations, EPA-600-R-09-001 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmen- tal Protection Agency, 2008). 57. Delucchi, M., Analysis of Particulate Matter Emission Factors in the PART5 Model (University of California at Davis, 2000). 58. Sierra Research, Evaluation of MOBILE Models: MOBILE6.1 (PM), MOBILE6.2 (Toxics), and MOBILE6/CNG (Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2004). 59. Fleet Characterization Data for MOBILE6: Development and Use of Age Distributions, Average Annual Mileage Accumulation Rates, 153

and Projected Vehicle Counts for Use in MOBILE6, EPA420-R-01- 047 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001). 60. Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inven- tory Preparation, EPA420-R-04-013 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, August 2004). 61. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Testing for Emissions Inventory, Air Quality Modeling, Source Apportionment and Air Toxics Emission Inventory, CRC Report No. EE55/59 (Alpharetta, GA: Coordinating Research Council, Inc., August 2007). 62. Sierra Research, Development of Speed Correction Cycles, EPA Report m6spd001 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, 1997) http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/mobile6/ m6spd001.pdf 63. Redistribution of Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Vehicle Miles Traveled in California, EMFAC Modeling Change Technical Memo (Sacra- mento, CA: California Air Resources Board, 2006) 64. Jack Faucett Associates, Heavy-Duty Truck Populations, Activity and Usage Patterns, Contract No. 93-306 (Sacramento, CA: Cali- fornia Air Resources Board, July 1998) http://www.arb.ca.gov/ research/apr/past/93-306.pdf 65. A Roadmap to MOVES2004, EPA420-S-05-002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 2005). 66. Draft Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2009. Software Design and Reference Manual, EPA-420-B-09-007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 2009). 67. Impact on Air Quality of Intermodal Freight Movement, Freight Transportation Emissions Estimates (Task 4), memorandum to Diane Turchetta (FHWA) from ICF, October 15, 2004. 68. Highway Capacity Manual 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Transporta- tion Research Board, National Research Council, 2000). 69. Cambridge Systematics and Jack Faucett Associates, NCHRP Report 298: Truck Trip Generation Data—A Synthesis of Highway Practice (Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2001). 70. Jessup, E., K. Casavant, and C. Lawson, Truck Trip Data Collection Methods—Final Report, SPR 343 (Oregon Department of Trans- portation and Federal Highway Administration, February 2004). 71. ICF International, Comparative Evaluation of Rail and Truck Fuel Efficiency on Competitive Corridors (Washington, D.C.: Federal Railroad Administration, November 2009) http://www.fra.dot. gov/Downloads/Comparative_Evaluation_Rail_Truck_Fuel_ Efficiency.pdf 72. Manual for Railway Engineering (Washington, D.C.: American Railway Engineering Association, 1993). 73. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA420-R-92-009 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, 1992). 74. Energy Information Administration, Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales by End Use (Washington, D.C.: Department of Energy, 2009) http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821use_ dcu_nus_a.htm (accessed May 2009). 75. Technical Highlights: Emission Factors for Locomotives, EPA420-F- 97-051 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). 76. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Atlas Database CD-ROM (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2006). 77. Gould, G. and D. Niemeier, “A Review of Regional Locomotive Emission Modeling and the Constraints Posed by Activity Data.” Presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 2009. 78. Sierra Research Inc. and Larry Caretto, Revised Inventory Guid- ance for Locomotive Emissions. (Forest Park, GA: Southeastern State Air Resources Managers Inc., 2004) http://www.metro4- sesarm.org/pubs/railroad/FinalGuidance.pdf 79. Booze-Allen and Hamilton Inc., Report on Locomotive Emission Inventory: Locomotive Emissions by County (Sacramento, CA: Cal- ifornia Air Resources Board, 1992). 80. Proposed Emission Reduction Plan for Ports and Goods Movement in California, Technical Supplement on Emission Inventory (Sacra- mento, CA: California Air Resources Board, 2006). 81. Freight in America—A New National Picture (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2006) http://www.bts.gov/ publications/freight_in_america/ 82. Technical Highlights—Emission Factors for Locomotives, EPA420- F-97-051 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1997). 83. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Port of Los Angeles Air Emissions Inventory for Calendar Year 2005, September 2007. 84. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, 2002 Baseline Emissions Inven- tory (Long Beach, CA: Port of Long Beach, March 2004). 85. Starcrest Consulting, LLC, Puget Sound Maritime Air Emissions Inventory (Seattle, WA: Puget Sound Maritime Air Forum, April 2007). 86. Locomotive Emission Standards, Regulatory Support Document (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998). 87. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation. Volume VI Mobile Sources (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992). 88. Sierra Research, Development of Railroad Emission Inventory Methodologies (Forest Park, GA: Southeastern States Air Resource Managers, June 2004). 89. Regulatory Impact Analysis—Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters per Cylinder, EPA420-R-08-001a (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2008). 90. Guidance for Quantifying and Using Long-Duration Switch Yard Locomotive Idling Emission Reductions in State Implementation Plans, EPA420-B-04-002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmen- tal Protection Agency, January 2004). 91. Association of American Railroads, Compilation of Individual Class I Railroad Annual Report(s) R-1, multiple years. 92. Thesing, K., Mannino, A., and Edwards, A., Nine Ports in the 49th State: Commercial Marine Inventory for Alaska. Presented at the 15th International Emission Inventory Conference, New Orleans, LA, May 15–18, 2006, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ ei15/session1/thesing.pdf 93. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Update to the Commercial Marine Inventory for Texas to Review Emissions Factors, Consider a Ton-Mile EI Method and Revise Emissions for the Beaumont-Port Arthur Non-Attainment Area (Houston, TX: Houston Advanced Research Center, January 2004). 94. Moffatt & Nichol, 2005 Port of Charleston Baseline Air Emissions Inventory (Charleston, SC: South Carolina Ports, September 2008). 95. Area and Non-Road Emissions Inventory for the Corpus Christi Regional Airshed (Houston, TX: Air Consulting and Engineering Solutions [ACES], Inc., 2003). 96. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, 2007 Goods Movement Air Emissions Inventory at the Port of Houston (Houston, TX: Port of Houston Authority, January 2009). 154

97. Richard Harkins, Great Lakes Marine Air Emissions—We’re Differ- ent Up Here! (Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Port Authority, October 2006). 98. Environ International Corporation, LADCO 2005 Commercial Marine Emissions (De Plains, IL: Lake Michigan Air Director Con- sortium, March 2007). 99. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Port of Los Angeles Inventory of Air Emissions—2006 (Los Angeles, CA: Port of Los Angeles, July 2008). 100. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Port of Long Beach Air Emissions Inventory—2007 (Long Beach, CA: Port of Long Beach, January 2009). 101. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2006 Baseline Multi-Facility Emissions Inventory of Cargo Handling Equipment, Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Railroad Locomotives and Commercial Marine Vessels (New York, NY: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, November 2008). 102. Environ International Corporation, Port of Oakland 2005 Seaport Air Emissions Inventory (Oakland, CA: Port of Oakland, March 2008). 103. Bridgewater Group and CH2M Hill, Inc., Port of Portland Calen- dar Year 2000 Baseline Air Emission Inventory (Portland, WA: Port of Portland, April 2005). 104. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Puget Sound Maritime Air Emissions Inventory (Seattle, WA: Puget Sound Maritime Air Forum, April 2007). 105. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, The Port of San Diego 2006 Emissions Inventory (San Diego, CA: Unified Port of San Diego, March 2008). 106. Merchant Seaman Protection and Relief, 46 USCS Appx § 688, Title 46, Appendix. Shipping Chapter 18, 2002. 107. ICF International, Inventory Contribution of U.S. Flagged Vessels, EPA-420-R-09-005 (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protec- tion Agency, March 2009). 108. See http://www.lrfairplay.com/Maritime_data/ships.html 109. 2005 Oceangoing Ship Survey, Summary of Results (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, September 2005). 110. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Port of Los Angeles Baseline Air Emissions Inventory—2001 (Port of Los Angeles, July 2005). 111. Entec UK Limited, Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associ- ated with Ship Movements between Ports in the European Commu- nity (Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, July 2002). 112. D. Cooper and T. Gustafsson, Methodology for Calculating Emis- sions from Ships: 1. Update of Emission Factors (Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, February 2004). 113. Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc., Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data, EPA420-R- 00-002 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, February 2000). 114. ICF International, Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, April 2009). 115. ICF International, Commercial Marine Port Inventory Develop- ment, 2002 and 2005 Inventories, EPA420-D-07-007 (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, October 2007). 116. ARCADIS, Commercial Marine Activity for Deep Sea Ports in the United States, EPA420-R-99-020 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, September 1999). 117. ARCADIS, Commercial Marine Activity for Great Lake and Inland River Ports in the United States, EPA420-R-99-019 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 1999). 118. Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source Port-Related Emission Inventories, Final Report, Table 1-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2009). 119. “Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines Less Than 30 Liters per Cylinder,” Federal Register 73, no. 126 (June 30, 2008): 37096, http://www.epa.gov/EPA-AIR/2008/June/Day-30/a7999a.htm 120. Rulemaking to Consider the Adoption of Proposed Regulations to Reduce Emissions from Diesel Engines on Commercial Harbor Craft Operated within California Waters and 24 Nautical Miles of the California Baseline, http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2007/chc07/ chc07.htm 121. Commercial Marine Emissions Inventory for EPA Category 2 and 3 Compression Ignition Marine Engines in the United States and Con- tinental Waterways, EPA420-R-98-020 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, August 1998) http://www. epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/fr/r98020.pdf 122. “Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Marine Diesel Engines, Chapter 5,” EPA-420-R-99-026 (Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Novem- ber 1999) http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/ fr/ria.pdf 123. See Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Puget Sound Maritime Air Forum Maritime Air Emissions Inventory, April 2007; Entec UK Limited, Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associated with Ship Movements between Ports in the European Community, July 2002; NOx limits adopted by the International Maritime Organi- zation in Annex VI to the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1997); and EPA, Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Marine Diesel Engines, EPA420- R-99-026, November 1999. 124. Summary available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/marinevess/ documents/chcfactsheet0508.pdf 125. Appendix B: Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Har- bor Craft Operating in California (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, September 2007) http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/ 2007/chc07/appb.pdf 126. See http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/documents/harborcraft.htm 127. Statewide Commercial Harbor Craft Survey, Final Report (Sacra- mento, CA: California Air Resources Board, March 2004) http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/marinevess/documents/hcsurvey rep0304.pdf 128. Statewide Commercial Harbor Craft Survey, Final Report (Sacra- mento, CA: California Air Resources Board, March 2004, pp B-24–B-25) http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/marinevess/docu ments/hcsurveyrep0304.pdf 129. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Houston-Galveston Area Vessel Emissions Inventory (HGAVEI) Study (Houston, TX: Texas Com- mission on Environmental Quality, 2000). 130. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Port of Long Beach Air Emissions Inventory—2005 (Long Beach, CA: Port of Long Beach, Septem- ber 2007). 131. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, The New York, New Jersey, Long Island Nonattainment Area Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions Inventory (New York: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, April 2003). 132. Emissions Estimation Methodology for Commercial Harbor Craft Operating in California (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, September 2007). 133. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/data/dataclen.htm 155

134. Calculation of Age Distribution in the NONROAD Model: Growth and Scrappage, EPA420-P-04-007 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, April 2004). 135. See http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/offroad.htm 136. Emission Estimation Methodology for Cargo Handling Equipment Operating at Ports and Intermodal Rail Yards in California, pre- sented at workgroup meeting, October 4, 2005, Sacramento, CA. 137. See inventory in Chapter 3 of Final Regulatory Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines, EPA420-R-04-007, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2004) http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04007.pdf 138. Enforcement of the Mobile Cargo Handling Equipment Regulation at Ports and Intermodal Rail Yards (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, February 2007) http://www.arb.ca.gov/enf/advs/ advs361.pdf 139. Emission Estimation Methodology for Cargo Handling Equipment Operating at Ports and Intermodal Yards in California (Sacra- mento, CA: California Air Resources Board, October 2005). 140. Overview: OFFROAD Model, ARB. Linked as Program Structure of the OFFROAD2007 Model, www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/pubs/ offroad_overview.pdf 141. Cargo Handling Equipment One Pager (Sacramento, CA: Califor- nia Air Resources Board) http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/ pubs/cargo_handling_equipment_draft.pdf 142. “Technical Support Document, Derivation of the EMFAC7E Emission and Correction Factors for On-Road Motor Vehicles” (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, July 1990). 143. See “Health Risk Assessment for the Union Pacific Railroad Oak- land Railyard” (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, 2008); “Draft Health Risk Assessment for the Four Commerce Railyards” (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, 2007); “Draft Health Risk Assessment for the BNSF Commerce Eastern Railyard” (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, 2007) all available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/railyard/hra/ hra.htm 144. Norfolk Southern Railway Company, Pan Am Railways Inc. et al., Joint Control and Operating/Pooling Agreements (Surface Trans- portation Board, Section of Environmental Analysis, November 14, 2008). 145. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Houston-Galveston Area Vessel Emissions Inventory (HGAVEI) Study (Houston, TX: Texas Com- mission on Environmental Quality, 2003). 146. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, 2002 Baseline Emissions Inven- tory: Cargo Handling Equipment, Rail Locomotives, & Heavy-Duty Vehicles (Long Beach, CA: Port of Long Beach, March 2004). 147. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, The New York, New Jersey, Long Island Nonattainment Area Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions Inventory (New York: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, April 2003). 148. Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, The Port of New York and New Jersey Cargo Handling Equipment Emissions Inventory Update (New York: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Jan- uary 2005). 149. See http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/verif-list.htm 150. See http://cfpub.epa.gov/quantifier/view/index.cfm 151. See http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/vt/cvt.htm 152. See http://www.epa.gov/oms/nonrdmdl.htm#model 153. See http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/nonrdmdl/nonrdmdl2008/ 420f09020.pdf 154. Nonroad Engine Population Estimates, EPA420-P-02-004, NR- 006b (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 2002). 155. Nonroad Engine Growth Estimates, EPA420-P-04-008, NR-008c (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, revised April 2004). 156. Calculation of Age Distributions in the Nonroad Model: Growth and Scrappage. EPA420-P-04-007, NR-007b (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2004). 157. Summary and Analysis of Comments: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines, EPA420-R-04-008 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2004). 158. Median Life, Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions Modeling, EPA420-P-02-014, NR-005b (Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 2002). 159. Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling—Compression-Ignition, EPA420-P-04-009, NR-009c (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, revised April 2004). 160. Celikel, Ayce, Nicolas Duchene, Ian Fuller, Emanuel Fleuti, and Peter Hofmann, Airport Local Air Quality Modeling: Zurich Air- port Emissions Inventory Using Three Methodologies. Presented at Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3–7 July, 2005 161. VOLPE National Transportation System Center, SAGE Version 1.5: Technical Manual, FAA-EE-2005-01 (Washington, D.C.: Fed- eral Aviation Administration, September 2005). 162. VOLPE National Transportation System Center, SAGE Version 1.5: Validation Assessment, Model Assumptions, and Uncertainties, FAA-EE-2005-03 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Adminis- tration, September 2005). 163. Kim, B. Y., Fleming, G. G., et al. “System for Assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE), Part 1: Model Description and Inven- tory Results,” Transportation Research Part D, Vol. 12, No. 5 (2007):325–346. 164. Lee, J. J., Waitz, I. A., et al. “System for Assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE), Part 2: Uncertainty Assessment,” Transporta- tion Research Part D, Vol. 12, No. 6 (2007):381–395. 165. Guidance on the Use of LTO Emissions Certification Data for the Assessment of Operational Impacts, CAEP/6, IP5 (Montreal: Com- mittee on Aviation Environmental Protection, 2004). 166. Penner, J. E., D. H. Lister, D. J. Griggs, D. J. Dokken, M. McFar- land, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1999). 167. 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171. CSSI, Inc., Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) User’s Manual, FAA-AEE-07-01 (Washington D.C.: Federal Avi- ation Administration, November 2009). 172. CSSI, Inc., Technical Manual for the FAA Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) Version 4.2 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, July 2005). 173. Emission and Air Quality Modeling Tools for Near-Roadway Applica- tions, EPA/600/R-09/001 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 2008). 174. See http://www.epa.gov/scram001/9thmodconf/scire_puff- particle_ model.pdf 175. See http://www.epa.gov/scram001/aqmindex.htm 176. Karamchandani et al., Development & Application of Advanced Plume-in-Grid (PiG) Multi-Pollutant Models. Presented at the 9th Conference on Air Quality Modeling, October 2008, Research Triangle Park, NC. 177. See http://www.epa.gov/OMS/toxics.htm 178. See, http://www.epa.gov/scram001/9thmodconf/brode_9thmc_ aermod_non-reg_evaluation.pdf 179. S. G. Perry et al., “AERMOD: A Dispersion Model for Industrial Source Applications. Part II: Model Performance against 17 Field Study Databases,” J. App. Meteor., Vol. 44, May 2005. 180. AERMOD: Description of Model Formulation, EPA-454/R-03- 004 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 2004). 181. P. E. Benson, CALINE3—A Versatile Dispersion Model for Predict- ing Air Pollutant Levels Near Highways and Arterial Streets, abridge- ment of FHWA/CA/TL-79/23 Interim Report (Sacramento, California Department of Transportation, November 1979). 182. Minerals Management Service, OCD, Offshore and Coastal Dispersion Model Volume I: User’s Guide, Report No. AO85-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Novem- ber 1989). 183. See http://www.epa.gov/scram001/9thmodconf/calpuff_status 9mc.pdf 184. See those from EMS-HAP at http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/emch/ projection/emshap30.html or SMOKE at http://www.smoke- model.org 185. Kuzmyak, J. R., NCHRP Synthesis 364: Forecasting Metropolitan Commercial and Freight Travel (Washington, D.C.: Transporta- tion Research Board, 2008). 186. See http://www.microsoft.com/environment/business_solutions/ articles/dynamics_ax.aspx 187. See http://csrware.com/solutions.htm#sustainability-aas 188. See http://www.rev-id.com 189. See http://ghgtrack.com/gt/index.html 190. Winebrake, James J., James J. Corbett et. al. “Assessing Energy, Environmental, and Economic Tradeoffs in Intermodal Freight Transportation,” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Asso- ciation 58, no. 8 (2008):1004–1013. 191. Climate Change—Freight Transport Efficiency. (Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, revised May 6, 2009), http:// www.arb.ca.gov/cc/freight/freight.htm (accessed September 2009). 192. See http://144.171.11.40/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp? ProjectID=2408 193. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Commodity Flow Survey, http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/ 194. Bevington and Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992). 195. Procedures for Verification of Emissions Inventories, EPA-454- R-96-003 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). 157

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TRB’s National Freight Cooperative Research Program (NFCRP) Report 4: Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models explores the current methods used to generate air emissions information from all freight transportation activities and their suitability for purposes such as health and climate risk assessments, prioritization of emission reduction activities, and public education.

The report highlights the state of the practice, and potential gaps, strengths, and limitations of current emissions data estimates and methods. The report also examines a conceptual model that offers a comprehensive representation of freight activity by all transportation modes and relationships between modes.

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