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NCFRP
NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE
FREIGHT
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 4
Sponsored by the
Research and
Innovative Technology
Representing Freight Administration
in Air Quality and
Greenhouse Gas Models
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
VICE CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of July 2010.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCFRP REPORT 4
Representing Freight
in Air Quality and
Greenhouse Gas Models
Louis Browning
Cristiano Façanha
Andrew Papson
Jeff Ang-Olson
Seth Hartley
Ed Carr
ICF INTERNATIONAL
Fairfax, VA
Subscriber Categories
Aviation · Energy · Environment · Freight Transportation · Highways
Marine Transportation · Motor Carriers · Railroads · Vehicles and Equipment
Research sponsored by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT NCFRP REPORT 4
RESEARCH PROGRAM
America's freight transportation system makes critical contributions Project NCFRP-16
to the nation's economy, security, and quality of life. The freight ISSN 1947-5659
transportation system in the United States is a complex, decentralized, ISBN 978-0-309-15481-9
and dynamic network of private and public entities, involving all Library of Congress Control Number 2010929939
modes of transportation--trucking, rail, waterways, air, and pipelines. © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
In recent years, the demand for freight transportation service has
been increasing fueled by growth in international trade; however,
bottlenecks or congestion points in the system are exposing the COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
inadequacies of current infrastructure and operations to meet the
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
growing demand for freight. Strategic operational and investment written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
decisions by governments at all levels will be necessary to maintain published or copyrighted material used herein.
freight system performance, and will in turn require sound technical Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
guidance based on research. publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
The National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) is
FMCSA, FTA, RITA, or PHMSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice.
a cooperative research program sponsored by the Research and It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-
Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) under Grant No. for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or
reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
DTOS59-06-G-00039 and administered by the Transportation Research
Board (TRB). The program was authorized in 2005 with the passage of
the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A
Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). On September 6, 2006, a contract to NOTICE
begin work was executed between RITA and The National Academies. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Freight
The NCFRP will carry out applied research on problems facing the Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
freight industry that are not being adequately addressed by existing
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
research programs.
report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
Program guidance is provided by an Oversight Committee comprised The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
of a representative cross section of freight stakeholders appointed by procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
the National Research Council of The National Academies. The NCFRP
Oversight Committee meets annually to formulate the research The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
funding levels and expected products. Research problem statements
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
recommending research needs for consideration by the Oversight Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Freight Research Program do not
Committee are solicited annually, but may be submitted to TRB at any endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
time. Each selected project is assigned to a panel, appointed by TRB, because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
which provides technical guidance and counsel throughout the life
of the project. Heavy emphasis is placed on including members
representing the intended users of the research products.
The NCFRP will produce a series of research reports and other
products such as guidebooks for practitioners. Primary emphasis will
be placed on disseminating NCFRP results to the intended end-users of
the research: freight shippers and carriers, service providers, suppliers,
and public officials.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCFRP REPORT 4
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
William C. Rogers, Senior Program Officer
Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
NCFRP PROJECT 16 PANEL
Christina S. Casgar, San Diego Association of Governments, San Diego, CA (Chair)
Eric Garshick, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Roxbury, MA
Virginia "Ginny" Hessenauer, Moraga, CA
Robert G. Ireson, Air Quality Management Consulting, Greenbrae, CA
Lynn Jonell Soporowski, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort, KY
Mark Stehly, BNSF Railway Company, Ft. Worth, TX
Thomas H. Wakeman, III, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ
Gary L. Whicker, J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc., Lowell, AR
William Chernicoff, RITA Liaison
Michael M. Johnsen, FMCSA Liaison
Diana J. Bauer, US Department of Energy Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
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FOREWORD
By William C. Rogers
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
NCFRP Report 4: Representing Freight in Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Models pre-
sents an evaluation of the current methods used to generate air emissions information from
all freight transportation activities and discusses their suitability for purposes such as health
and climate risk assessments, prioritization of emission reduction activities (e.g., through
State Implementation Plans), and public education. The report is especially valuable for
(1) its identification of the state of the practice, gaps, and strengths and limitations of current
emissions data estimates and methods and (2) its conceptual model that offers a compre-
hensive representation of freight activity by all transportation modes and relationships
between modes. This report will better inform the near-term needs of public and private
stakeholders regarding the quality of emissions data and guide future research that links
freight activities with air emissions.
An efficient and robust freight transportation system is essential to the continued eco-
nomic well-being of the United States. Demand for freight transportation has been grow-
ing rapidly, but that growth has conflicted with concerns about the health effects of air pol-
lution and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming. For instance,
according to the Environmental Protection Agency, transportation-related activities
account for 28% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Further, as freight movement con-
tinues to grow, its emissions will account for a greater share of the transportation sector's
carbon footprint. Although there are known data limitations, including the lack of actual
emissions measurements to validate model estimates, given concern over public health,
decisionmakers at all levels of government are proceeding with efforts to regulate emissions,
often through freight operations controls.
Under NCFRP Project 16, ICF International was asked to
1. Describe the current state of practice for estimating freight air emissions;
2. Catalog existing data and data sources used to define categories of freight transportation-
related air emissions;
3. Describe the strengths and limitations of current methods, models, and data;
4. Identify and assess alternative measurement techniques, data sources, and approaches
that can enhance the utility and quality of emissions calculations for freight transporta-
tion;
5. Develop a conceptual model for freight transportation activities that reflects current
understanding and anticipated improvements in data and analytical methods relating
freight transportation activity to emissions; and
6. Identify future opportunities for improving accuracy and reducing uncertainty in freight
activity and emission data across all modes.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Summary
3 1.1 Objective
3 1.2 Report Organization
3 1.3 Study Framework
4 1.4 Pollutants of Concern
5 1.5 Application of Freight Emissions
5 1.6 Evaluation of Current Methods
14 1.7 Conceptual Model
15 1.8 Recommended Research Areas
16 Chapter 2 Application of Freight Emissions
16 2.1 National- and State-Scale Applications
18 2.2 Regional-Scale Applications
22 2.3 Project-Scale Applications
30 Chapter 3 Evaluation of Current Methods
30 3.1 General Methods
33 3.2 National Methods
45 3.3 Heavy-Duty Trucks
62 3.4 Rail
72 3.5 Waterborne/Ocean-Going Vessels
80 3.6 Waterborne/Harbor Craft
89 3.7 Cargo Handling Equipment
103 3.8 Air Transportation
109 3.9 Air Quality
116 Chapter 4 Conceptual Model
116 4.1 Model Overview and Uses
117 4.2 Freight Modeling
120 4.3 Model Scope and Structure
137 4.4 Case Study
141 Chapter 5 Recommended Research Areas
141 5.1 Improving the Allocation of National Transportation Emissions
143 5.2 Refining Road Project-Level Emission Estimates Methodologies
145 5.3 Improving Rail Activity Data for Emission Calculations
146 5.4 Improving Parameters and Methodologies for Estimating
Marine Goods Movement Emissions
148 5.5 Improving Air Freight Emission Calculations
151 Appendix A Pedigree Matrix
152 References
158 Acronyms
