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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Models for Predicting Reflection Cracking of Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlays. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14410.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2010 www.TRB.org N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 669 Subscriber Categories Pavements Models for Predicting Reflection Cracking of Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlays Robert L. Lytton Fang Ling Tsai Sang-Ick Lee Rong Luo Sheng Hu Fujie Zhou TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY College Station, TX Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 669 Project 01-41 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-15505-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2010936725 © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 669 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 01-41 PANEL Field of Design—Area of Pavements Kevin D. Hall, University of Arkansas - Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR (Chair) Bruce A. Chadbourn, Minnesota DOT, Maplewood, MN Dar-Hao Chen, Texas DOT, Austin, TX Adam J. T. Hand, Granite Construction, Inc., Sparks, NV Abdallah J. Jubran, Georgia DOT, Forest Park, GA Linda M. Pierce, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc., Santa Fe, NM (formerly Washington State DOT) Shakir R. Shatnawi, Shatec Engineering Consultants LLC, El Dorado Hills, CA (formerly California DOT) Timothy E. Smith, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD Nelson H. Gibson, FHWA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

This report presents mechanistic-based models for predicting the extent and severity of reflection cracking in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlays. These models were developed for use in the design and analysis of HMA overlays; they can be incorporated into the AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software. The report and accom- panying software will guide pavement and construction engineers in identifying and spec- ifying HMA overlays for asphalt and concrete pavements that will provide desired service life and performance. The information contained in the report will be of immediate inter- est to state pavement engineers and others concerned with the design and rehabilitation of asphalt and concrete pavements. Reflection cracking is one of the primary forms of distress in HMA overlays of flexible and rigid pavements. In addition to affecting ride quality, the penetration of water and foreign debris into these cracks accelerates the deterioration of the overlay and the underlying pave- ment, thus reducing service life. The basic mechanism causing reflection cracking is strain concentration in the overlay due to movement in the existing pavement in the vicinity of joints and cracks. This movement may be induced by bending or shearing action resulting from traf- fic loads or temperature changes and is influenced by traffic volume and characteristics, daily and seasonal temperature variations, and other factors (e.g., pavement structure and condi- tion, HMA mixture properties, the degree of load transfer at joints and cracks). Preliminary models for predicting the extent and severity of reflection cracking in HMA overlays have been developed; however, only limited research has been performed to evaluate and validate these models. Thus, research was needed to address the issues associated with reflection cracking and to develop mechanistic-based models that account for the effects of reflection cracking on performance for use in mechanistic-empirical procedures for the analysis and design of HMA overlays. Under NCHRP Project 1-41, “Models for Predicting Reflection Cracking of Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlays,” Texas A&M Research Foundation of College Station, Texas worked with the objective of identifying or developing mechanistic-based models for predicting reflection cracking in HMA overlays of flexible and rigid pavements and associated computational soft- ware for use in mechanistic-empirical procedures for overlay design and analysis. To accom- plish this objective, the research reviewed available information relevant to reflection crack- ing of HMA overlays, considered the factors that contribute to reflection cracking, evaluated available models, and developed mechanistic-based models for predicting the extent and severity of reflection cracking in HMA overlays. In addition, the research developed software, compatible with the MEPDG software, to facilitate use of these models for (1) the design and F O R E W O R D By Amir N. Hanna Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

analysis of HMA overlays or (2) developing calibration coefficients and enhanced models for specific types of overlays and climatic conditions. The models developed in this research will be particularly useful to highway agencies because they allow consideration of reflection cracking in the design of HMA overlays and selection of overlays for asphalt and concrete pavements that are expected to yield economic and other benefits. The incorporation of these models into the AASHTO MEPDG will help account for the effects of reflection cracking on performance thus improving the analysis and design of HMA overlays of flexible and rigid pavements. Appendixes A through T contained in the research agency’s final report provide detailed information on the different aspects of the research, including user guides to support the software. These appendixes are not published herein but they are available on the NCHRP Report 669 summary web page at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/163988.aspx.

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Approach 1 Introduction 1 Objective 1 Scope 1 Organization of the Report 2 Research Approach 2 Material Properties 3 Traffic 3 Crack Growth and Pavement Temperature 3 Computational Efficiency 3 Calibration to Field Data 4 Use in Design 5 Chapter 2 Findings 5 Introduction 5 Reflection Cracking – Definition and Mechanisms 5 Available Reflection Cracking Models 6 Selection of a Reflection Cracking Model 7 Process of Constructing a Calibrated Reflection Cracking Model 8 Overlay Sections with Sufficient Data for Model Development 8 Collection of Pavement Structure Data 10 Pavement Distress Data Collection 10 Traffic Data Collection 11 Categorization of Traffic Loads 11 Classification of Vehicles 11 Axle Load Distribution Factor 13 Categorizing Traffic Load 14 Climatic Data Collection 14 Finite Element Method for Calculating SIF 17 Method of Predicting SIF 19 Traffic Loads and Tire Footprints 19 Tire Patch Length 19 Determination of the Effect of Cumulative Axle Load Distribution on Tire Length 19 Modeling of Cumulative Axle Load Distribution 20 Determination of Hourly Number of Axles 20 Probability Density on Tire Patch Length 26 Reflection Cracking Amount and Severity Model 27 Calibration of Field Reflection Cracking Model 28 System Identification Process 29 Parameter Adjustment and Adaption Algorithm 30 Calibrating Reflection Cracking Model of Test Sections

33 Prediction of Temperature in a HMA Overlay 33 Heat Transfer in Pavement 34 The Surface Boundary Condition 34 The Bottom Boundary Condition 35 Numerical Solution of the Model 35 Obtaining Hourly Climatic Input Data 35 Stiffness, Tensile Strength, Compliance, and Fracture Properties of Mixtures 36 Artificial Neural Network Algorithms for Witczak’s Complex Modulus Models 38 Models of Tensile Strength of Mixtures 38 Models of Paris and Erdogan’s Law Fracture Coefficients A and n 39 Healing Coefficients 39 Stress Wave Pattern Correction for Viscoelastic Crack Growth 39 Computational Method for Crack Growth Due to Traffic 41 Computational Method for Viscoelastic Thermal Stresses 42 Supervisory Program to Compute Crack Growth 42 User Interface Program for Input and Output Data 42 Computation-to-Field Calibration Coefficients 44 Validation of the Calibration Coefficients 48 Chapter 3 Interpretations, Appraisal, and Applications 48 Introduction 48 The Model Development Process 48 Mechanistic Prediction of Crack Growth 49 HMA Overlay Material Properties 49 Weather Data and Temperature Prediction 49 Consistent Description of Reflection Cracking Distress 49 Calibration of Calculated Overlay Life to the Observed Distress 50 Calibrated Results Compared with Observed Field Data 50 Calibration Coefficients by Regression Analysis 50 Predictions of Overlay Reflection Cracking 55 Calibration of the Computational Model to Field Data 56 Chapter 4 Summary and Suggested Research 56 Summary 56 Suggested Research 58 References 60 Appendices

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 1-41 by the Texas Transportation Institute of the Texas A&M University. Robert L. Lytton, Professor of Civil Engineering, was the princi- pal investigator and the co-principal investigator was Fujie Zhou, Research Engineer. The other authors of this report are Fang Ling Tsai and Sang-Ick Lee, both Research Assistants and Sheng Hu and Rong Luo, both Post-Doctoral Research Associates. The research work was materially aided by the assistance given by Jagannath Mallela and Harold L. von Quintus of the Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), who provided information and data on the New York City overlay test sections. Permission to use that data was given by the City of New York, Depart- ment of Design and Construction, Division of Infrastructure. The Texas overlay test section data used in the project were provided by Joe W. Button and Arif Chowdhury of the Texas Transportation Institute with the approval of German Claros, Research Coordinator with the Texas Department of Transporta- tion. The extraction of data and categorization of overlay sections from the Long-Term Pavement Per- formance database was done by Thomas Freeman of the Texas Transportation Institute. The two pro- grams produced in the project are written in the C# language as was suggested by Gregg Larson of ARA and supported by Vicki Schofield of AASHTO. All subprograms which were not originally in that lan- guage were re-written by Sheng Hu of the Texas Transportation Institute. The Artificial Neural Network models of the mixture moduli and the stress intensity factors were provided under a subcontract by Halil Ceylan of Iowa State University. Helpful advice and direction on the use of weather databases was given by Gregg Larson of ARA. The temperature prediction model used in both the design and calibration pro- grams and its description was provided by Charles J. Glover, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University and by Research Assistants Rongbin Han and Xin Jin, both of the Chemical Engineer- ing Department of Texas A&M University. The thermal stress prediction program was provided by Rey- naldo Roque of the University of Florida in Gainesville. The finite element program which generated the stress intensity factors which were modeled with the Artificial Neural Network algorithms was written by Sheng Hu, description of that model was written by Sheng Hu, Xiaodi Hu, and Lubinda Walubita, all Post-Doctoral Research Associates and by Fujie Zhou, Research Engineer with the Texas Transportation Institute. The review and evaluation of available reflection cracking models was written by Fujie Zhou. Cathy Bryan of the Texas Transportation Institute was responsible for the final manuscript preparation.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 669: Models for Predicting Reflection Cracking of Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlays explores mechanistic-based models for predicting the extent and severity of reflection cracking in hot-mix asphalt overlays.

Appendices A through T to NCHRP Report 669 are available online. The titles of the appendices are as follows:

Appendix A: Program Flow Charts

Appendix B: Pavement Temperature Prediction

Appendix C: Categorization of Traffic Loads

Appendix D: Cumulative Axle Load Distribution as a Function of Tire Footprint Length

Appendix E: Determination of Hourly Traffic Numbers

Appendix F: Artificial Neural Network Models of Stress Intensity Factors

Appendix G: Binder and Mixture Properties

Appendix H: Fracture Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

Appendix I: Viscoelastic Thermal Stress Computation

Appendix J: Collection of Test Sections and Field Performance Data

Appendix K: Reflection Cracking Amount and Severity Model

Appendix L: Calibration of the Reflection Cracking Amount and Severity Model

Appendix M: Calibrated Parameters of the Reflection Cracking Amount and Severity Model

Appendix N: Calibration of the Computational Model to Field Data

Appendix O: User’s Guide to the Reflection Cracking Model

Appendix P: User’s Guide to the Computational Model to Field Data Calibration Program

Appendix Q: Finite Element Program to Calculate Stress Intensity Factor

Appendix R: Evaluation of Available Reflection Cracking Models

Appendix S: Sensitivity Analysis of Designing Program

Appendix T: The Comparison of Field Data and Predicting Results

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