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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
SYNTHESIS 21
Sponsored by
Airport Energy Efficiency the Federal
and Cost Reduction Aviation Administration
A Synthesis of Airport Practice
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ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
JAMES WILDING Chair: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of
Metropolitan Washington Airports Governments, Arlington
Authority (retired) Vice Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
VICE CHAIR
MEMBERS
JEFF HAMIEL
MinneapolisSt. Paul J. BARRY BARKER, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Metropolitan Airports Commission ALLEN D. BIEHLER, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
LARRY L. BROWN, SR., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern
MEMBERS Corporation, Norfolk, VA
JAMES CRITES WILLIAM A.V. CLARK, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California,
DallasFt. Worth International Airport Los Angeles
RICHARD DE NEUFVILLE EUGENE A. CONTI, JR., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Massachusetts Institute of Technology NICHOLAS J. GARBER, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, and
KEVIN C. DOLLIOLE Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Unison Consulting JEFFREY W. HAMIEL, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
JOHN K. DUVAL PAULA J. HAMMOND, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Austin Commercial, LP EDWARD A. (NED) HELME, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
KITTY FREIDHEIM ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Freidheim Consulting SUSAN MARTINOVICH, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
STEVE GROSSMAN DEBRA L. MILLER, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
Jacksonville Aviation Authority SANDRA ROSENBLOOM, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
TOM JENSEN TRACY L. ROSSER, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
National Safe Skies Alliance STEVEN T. SCALZO, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc.,
CATHERINE M. LANG
St. Louis, MO
Federal Aviation Administration
BEVERLY A. SCOTT, General Manager and Chief Executive Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid
GINA MARIE LINDSEY Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
Los Angeles World Airports DAVID SELTZER, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
CAROLYN MOTZ DANIEL SPERLING, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy;
Hagerstown Regional Airport Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center,
RICHARD TUCKER University of California, Davis
Huntsville International Airport KIRK T. STEUDLE, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
DOUGLAS W. STOTLAR, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of
SABRINA JOHNSON Texas, Austin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
RICHARD MARCHI EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Airports Council International-- PETER H. APPEL, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
North America J. RANDOLPH BABBITT, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
LAURA McKEE REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute,
Air Transport Association of America Smyrna, GA
HENRY OGRODZINSKI GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute
National Association of State Aviation of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering,
Officials Washington, DC
MELISSA SABATINE ANNE S. FERRO, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
American Association of Airport LEROY GISHI, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of
Executives the Interior, Washington, DC
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
DAVID T. MATSUDA, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY
VICTOR M. MENDEZ, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board ROBERT J. PAPP (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of
Homeland Security, Washington, DC
CYNTHIA L. QUARTERMAN, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration, U.S.DOT
PETER M. ROGOFF, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
DAVID L. STRICKLAND, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
JOSEPH C. SZABO, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
POLLY TROTTENBERG, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
ROBERT L. VAN ANTWERP (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding
General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of June 2010. *Membership as of July 2010.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP SYNTHESIS 21
Airport Energy Efficiency
and Cost Reduction
A Synthesis of Airport Practice
CONSULTANTS
CRAIG R. LAU
JOEL T. STROMGREN
and
DANIEL J. GREEN
Miller Dunwiddie Architecture
Minneapolis, Minnesota
S UBSCRIBER C ATEGORIES
Aviation · Energy
Research Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2010
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP SYNTHESIS 21
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in Project 11-03, Topic S10-04
transportation of people and goods and in regional, national, and ISSN 1935-9187
international commerce. They are where the nation's aviation sys- ISBN 978-0-309-14316-5
tem connects with other modes of transportation and where federal Library of Congress Control Number 2010932654
responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations
intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and © 2010 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common oper-
ating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other
industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for
of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the
innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce
Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes.
a study sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will
The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method,
by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this
addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For
and Transit Cooperative Research Program. The ACRP undertakes other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject
areas, including design, construction, maintenance, operations,
safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administra- NOTICE
tion. The ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can coop-
eratively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research
Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research
participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, Council.
the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and
of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with
airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant indus- regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical
try organizations such as the Airports Council International-North panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and
America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Execu- overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the
tives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials Governing Board of the National Research Council.
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those
(NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links
of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those
to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and sec-
of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the
retariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program spon-
program sponsors.
sor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National
Academies formally initiating the program.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of air-
port professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National
officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research
research organizations. Each of these participants has different Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
interests and responsibilities, and each is an integral part of this names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
cooperative research effort. object of the report.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited period-
ically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is
the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by
identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels
and expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport
professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels
prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors,
and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the Published reports of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, are available from:
ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academys í p urposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scien-
tific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Insti-
tute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively,
of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The
mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and
progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci-
plinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and
other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of
whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation depart-
ments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation,
and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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ACRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT 11-03 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF
CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CHAIR CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research
BURR STEWART Programs
Seattle, Washington MICHAEL R. SALAMONE, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
MEMBERS
RANDALL P. BURDETTE ACRP SYNTHESIS STAFF
Virginia Department of Aviation STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Programs
GARY C. CATHEY JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies
California Department of Transportation GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer
KEVIN C. DOLLIOLE DON TIPPMAN, Editor
Union Consulting, Inc. CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant
JULIE KENFIELD DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
CAROLYN MOTZ TOPIC PANEL
Hagerstown Regional Airport JOHN D. BULLOUGH, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
CHRISTINE GERENCHER, Transportation Research Board
FAA LIAISON RUSTY T. HODAPP, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Board
RANDY MOSENG KEVIN MEIKLE, Fresno Yosemite International Airport
TERRY MOORE, Mid Ohio Valley Regional Airport Authority
ACINORTH AMERICA LIAISON DAVE PITTMANN, RenoTahoe International Airport
A.J. MULDOON DENNIS PROBST, MinneapolisSt. Paul International Airport
ARLYN PURCELL, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
AIRCRAFT OWNERS AND PILOTS ASSOCIATION PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, Federal Aviation Administration (Liaison)
JOHN L. COLLINS JULIE UNLAND, Federal Aviation Administration (Liaison)
TRB LIAISON
CHRISTINE GERENCHER
Cover figure: Deep overhangs, integrated shading devices, and tinted,
insulated glass reduce heat gain and cooling loads while allowing daylight
to flood the main concourse at MSP Terminal 2 (Humphrey Terminal).
(Photo Credit: Miller Dunwiddie Architecture, Minneapolis, MN.)
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FOREWORD Airport administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which informa-
tion already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and practice.
This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full
knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solu-
tion. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and
due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviating the
problem.
There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the airport industry. Much of it
derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-
day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful informa-
tion and to make it available to the entire airport community, the Airport Cooperative
Research Program authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing
project. This project, ACRP Project 11-03, "Synthesis of Information Related to Airport Prac-
tices," searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares
concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an
ACRP report series, Synthesis of Airport Practice.
This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, with-
out the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the
series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be
the most successful in resolving specific problems.
PREFACE This report documents energy efficiency improvements being implemented at airports
By Gail R. Staba across the country that are low cost and short payback by means of a survey, interviews,
Senior Program Officer and a literature review. It targets small airport terminal managers, staff, consultants, and
Transportation other stakeholders interested in energy efficiency.
Research Board Craig R. Lau, Joel T. Stromgren, and Daniel J. Green, Miller Dunwiddie Architecture,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, collected and synthesized the information and wrote the report.
The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is
an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the
limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research
and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.
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CONTENTS
1 SUMMARY
3 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Audience and Dissemination, 3
Background and Project Scope, 3
Terminology and Key Definitions, 3
Issues Addressed, 3
Report Content, 4
5 CHAPTER TWO PLANNING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficiency in Airport Planning, 5
Ways to Identify Energy Efficiency Projects, 5
Strategies to Plan Energy Efficiency Projects, 6
Funding Sources for Planning, 8
Planning Strategies Summary, 9
11 CHAPTER THREE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRACTICES:
BACKGROUND AND UTILIZATION
Category and Type of Practice, 11
Methods for Utilizing Strategies, 11
Payback, Cost, and Percentage of Improvement, 11
Outline Structure, 12
13 CHAPTER FOUR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRACTICES:
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS
Automation and Controls, 13
Operations and Maintenance, 15
22 CHAPTER FIVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRACTICES:
ENERGY USE AND SYSTEMS
Sources, 22
Mechanical Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, 25
Lighting, 27
Electrical Loads, 29
32 CHAPTER SIX ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRACTICES:
CONSERVATION AND BUILDING ENVELOPE
Building Envelope, 32
Reflective Materials to Reduce Heat Gain, 32
Glazing Improvements, 32
Insulation Improvements, 32
Air Movement, 33
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35 CHAPTER SEVEN STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Factors That Aid in Implementation of Energy Efficiency Practices, 35
Project Justification, 35
Funding Challenge, 36
38 CHAPTER EIGHT NEW TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATION, AND LONG-TERM PAYBACK
Emerging Technologies, 38
Emerging Project Delivery, 40
Emerging Policy, 41
42 CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSIONS
43 REFERENCES
46 GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS
48 APPENDIX A METHOD AND SURVEY RESPONSE
50 APPENDIX B AIRPORT ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COST REDUCTION SURVEY
68 APPENDIX C LIST OF AIRPORTS RESPONDING TO SURVEY
69 APPENDIX D ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRACTICES AND PAYBACK MATRIX
