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TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations (2010)
Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)

Citation Manager

Weiner, Richard, Koffman, David, Thatcher, Russell H, Procopio, Thomas, Ferris, Caroline, Davis, Mary, Morris, Clementine, Rodman, Will, Jacobson, Lisa, Golden, Marilyn, Transportation Research Board. "City of Phoenix Public Transit Department, Phoenix, AZ." TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.

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Page
118
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Page
118
Front Matter (R1-R12)
Summary (1-4)
Study Issues, Goals, and Methodology (5-5)
Organization of the Report (6-7)
An Overview of Paratransit Vehicle Operator Issues (8-8)
FTA ADA Paratransit Compliance Reviews (9-9)
Demographic Factors Affecting Availability of Qualified Workers (10-10)
Impact of Management Characteristics and Practices (11-11)
Shortage of Vehicle Operators in Other Sectors: Fixed-Route Transit, School Bus, and Trucking (12-12)
Successful Approaches to Recruiting and Retaining Transit Vehicle Operators (13-13)
Workforce Planning: A Tool for Facilitating Vehicle Operator Availability (14-14)
Successful Approaches Cited in Other Transportation Sectors (15-17)
Attractiveness of the Operator Position (18-18)
How Providers Attract Applicants (19-19)
Factors Adversely Affecting Operator Satisfaction and Performance (20-20)
Implications of Findings (21-22)
Responses (23-23)
Workforce Status (24-24)
Pre-Qualification Requirements (25-25)
Training Completion Rates (26-26)
Annual Post-Training Turnover Rates (27-27)
Use of Split Shifts (28-29)
Pay Rates (30-30)
Impact of Wages on Turnover (31-31)
Union Representation and Impacts on Wages (32-32)
Types of Fringe Benefits Provided (33-33)
Level of Fringe Benefits Provided (34-34)
Relationship Between Paratransit and Fixed-Route Workforces (35-36)
Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Recruitment (37-38)
Efforts Made to Improve Recruitment (39-40)
Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Retention (41-41)
Efforts Made To Improve Retention (42-44)
Innovative Procurement Strategies (45-48)
Developing an Employee Profile and Pre-Qualifications (49-49)
Competitive Wages (50-50)
Recruitment Efforts (51-51)
Providing Effective Training and Tools (52-52)
Training (53-53)
Workable Schedules (54-54)
Management Support (55-55)
Underlying Causal Factors That Impact Vehicle Operator Recruitment and Retention (56-56)
Compensation, Turnover, Productivity, and Total Cost (57-57)
Compensation and Recruitment and Training Costs (58-58)
Purpose of the Analysis and Data Sources (59-59)
Regression Analysis (60-60)
Starting Wage, Provider Type, and Turnover (61-61)
Health Care Coverage, Provider Type, and Turnover (62-62)
Summary of Findings (63-64)
Methodology (65-65)
Productivity Results - DART, Dallas, TX (66-67)
Productivity Results - LYNX, Orlando, FL (68-68)
Methodology (69-69)
On-Time Performance Results - LYNX, Orlando, FL (70-70)
Complaint Rate Results - DART, Dallas, TX (71-71)
Summary of Findings (72-73)
Methodology (74-74)
Charlotte Area Transit System Special Transportation Service (75-76)
MV Transportation, Denver, CO (77-77)
Veolia Transportation, Baltimore, MD (78-78)
Observations (79-79)
The Other Costs of Turnover (80-80)
Characteristics of Successful ADA Paratransit Operators (81-82)
Effective Recruiting Approaches (83-86)
Comprehensive Pre-Employment Screening (87-87)
Realistic Job Previews (88-89)
Compensation (90-91)
Training in Advanced Technologies (92-92)
Providing a Supportive Work Environment (93-95)
Best Practice: Early and Ongoing Input and Involvement (96-96)
Best Practice: Mentoring (97-98)
Chapter 9 - Benefits and Issues Related to Workforce Integration and Wage Parity (99-99)
Costs and Benefits of Workforce Integration and Wage Parity (100-102)
Varieties of Integration (103-103)
Instituting Full Workforce Integration and Wage Parity: Chelan-Douglas Public Transit Benefit Area (Link Transit), Wenatchee, WA (104-104)
Integration of an Alternative to Paratransit: The City of Annapolis Department of Transportation (Annapolis Transit), Annapolis, MD (105-105)
The Dynamics of Recently Instituting Wage Parity: Utah Transit Authority (UTA), Salt Lake City, UT (106-107)
Approach and Methodology (108-108)
Lessons Learned (109-110)
Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD), Denver, CO (111-111)
Community Transit, Everett, WA (112-112)
Access Services, Inc. (ASI), Los Angeles, CA (113-114)
Madison Metro Transit, Madison, WI (115-115)
Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA), Orange County, CA (116-116)
Palm Tran CONNECTION, Lake Worth, FL (117-117)
City of Phoenix Public Transit Department, Phoenix, AZ (118-118)
San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, San Diego, CA (119-119)
San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans), San Mateo, CA (120-121)
King County Metro Transit (Metro), Seattle/King County, WA (122-123)
Chapter 11 - Future Research Needs (124-125)
References (126-127)
Bibliography (128-128)
Appendixes (129-129)
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications (130-130)

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118 recruiting employees because the pay is higher than other scheduling service for both advance and same-day service companies. MV Transportation increased hourly pay for the requests. Out of the 300 or so MV Transportation employees, Palm Tran contract, and the general manager reported that about 215 of them are vehicle operators. this has helped to retain operators. The general manager also reported that she aims to main- Procurement/Contractual Provisions tain a stable operator workforce and works towards adhering to contract requirements. She uses the liquidated damages In the survey, Phoenix reported that it had moderate success clauses set forth in contracts as incentives to provide good when specifying that a stable, experienced vehicle operator service. workforce was expected, and also moderate success when including a "livable wage" requirement in its procurement and contract documents. While there is no living wage ordinance Reported Results in Phoenix, the City understands that a livable wage scale is sig- Palm Tran CONNECTION's Fiscal Analyst reported that, nificant for job retention and stability. generally, contractors perform well and meet their contractual The City's RFP requests a detailed plan with specific strate- requirements. There are rarely, if ever, any uncovered runs. gies for maintaining a stable workforce. The City encourages Turnover has become less of a problem not only because of the proposers to be creative in their approach to operator reten- RFP provisions, but as unemployment rates have increased, tion, stating that preference will be given to proposers who can operators tend to hold onto to their jobs for longer periods successfully demonstrate to City their ability to retain quality of time. operators. In addition to requiring the proposer to outline hir- ing, training, and retraining programs for operators, Section VII of the RFP asks proposers to respond to the following: City of Phoenix Public Transit Department, Phoenix, AZ Discuss the PROPOSER'S philosophy on providing a "livable The City of Phoenix Public Transit Department is responsi- wage" given the current state of the economy and how the pro- posed employee wage and benefit package and other innovative ble for the overall supervision of the City of Phoenix Transit programs ensure that they meet that standard. System. The City manages local buses, Phoenix Dial-a-Ride Describe in detail the methods to be taken in order to attract paratransit, Reserve-a-Ride senior service, RAPID and Express and retain the appropriate staffing levels. Include any incentive commuter services, and several neighborhood circulators. and/or merit programs to award outstanding employees. The City's paratransit service is called Dial-a-Ride. The Describe in detail the type and level of employment benefits provided or available to employees addressing vacation, sick and service operates seven days a week in almost all areas within other leaves, health and welfare benefits, wage and salary classi- Phoenix city limits. Dial-A-Ride serves individuals who are fications and progressions, and employer contributions for all ADA paratransit eligible as well as seniors. ADA paratransit programs for all job categories. customers are encouraged to call at least one day in advance for service; where possible, same day demand service is also When evaluating RFP responses, a points system is utilized. available after reservation requests have been scheduled. The Director of Transportation Contract Services explained, The City also manages Reserve-a-Ride, a specialized, door- "Our approach is that we want to make sure the company we to-door transportation service for senior citizens over 60 years hire is going to fulfill our needs as far as service--we take an old and certified persons with disabilities. Reserve-a-Ride pro- approach of service over price." The evaluation criteria out- vides transportation to senior centers, medical appointments, lined in the RFP are the following: social service agencies, and shopping. The primary responsi- bility of the service is to provide transportation to and from Qualifications 50 points Professional References 50 points senior centers, and other trip requests are accommodated wher- Management 150 points ever possible. These two services, Dial-a-Ride and Reserve-a- Maintenance and Operations Experience 100 points Ride, are operated by the same contractor with the same fleet Understanding of Scope 400 points of vehicles. Price 250 points The RFP also provides a system of incentives and sanctions Use of Contractors for ADA Paratransit to reward exemplary performance and ensure adherence to MV Transportation has been the City's paratransit contrac- performance standards, but the survey indicated that these tor since 2001. MV Transportation manages all day-to-day incentives and/or penalties did not have even a moderate operations, including maintenance on over 100 vehicles and impact on contractor performance.